Vocabulary focus

A. Match the following phrasal verbs with their explanations.

1. draw on (one’s savings) a. to do as well as you can to meet a standard, etc

2. bring about b. to succeed in dealing with a problem

3. look after c. to cause to happen

4. cope with d. to remove money from one’s bank account

5. calm down e. to be excited about smth that is going to happen

6. look forward to f. to become quiet

7. live up to g. to take care of

B. Use an appropriate word from the box to complete each sentence.

adjustment frustration to anticipate to look forward to to draw on fatigue to live up to

1. Hard work or exercise can cause ___________________________.

2. Each response is an ___________________ to failure, although some of these responses will probably be less constructive than others.

3. The boxer _________________________ the blow, saw it coming and blocked it.

4. Even minor problems lead to feelings of _______________________ and anxiety.

5. We cannot pay for her treatment unless we __________________ the necessary sum of money.

6. My mother says she's _______________________________ meeting you.

7. The film has certainly ___________________ my expectations.

C. Word families

Complete the chart.

Verb	Noun	Adjective
	frustration
demand
	behavior
		depressing
cause
		stressful
	annoyance
change
	irritation
		predictable

GRAMMAR FOCUS

A. Active or passive verb?

Choose the correct verb forms in the sentences below.

1. Gender differences have studied/have also been studied in relation to stress and coping.

2. Heredity influences our risk of developing CHD (coronary heart disease), but even among identical twins, the incidence of CHD is closely linked/links to attitudes toward work, problems in the home, and the amount of leisure time available.

3. However, the women in this study experienced/were experienced greater stress than men when problems developed in long-term relationships, largely because they were more committed to their personal and professional relationships than the men were.

4. In other animal experiments, cancer was diagnosed earlier and death occurred sooner in mice that received frequent shocks under conditions that made/were made escape impossible than in mice that were allowed to cope with the stress of shocks by escaping.

5. Chemotherapy and radiation treatments can suppress immune function, so patients who are depressed/depress at their diagnosis must deal with a double blow to the immune system.

6. Exactly why the presence of a strong social support system is related to health is not fully understood/does not fully understand.

7. Yet not everyone who is exposed to severely stressful events such as heavy combat or childhood sexual abuse develops/is developed PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder).

8. A person deemed well adjusted by one standard may not adjudge/not be adjudged so by other criteria.

B. In this exercise you have to read a sentence and then write another sentence with the same meaning using an infinitive.

Example: It appears that individual characteristics predispose some people to PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder).

Individual characteristics appear to predispose some people to PTSD.

1. It appears they are dealing with their problems, but in fact they are not because they have cut themselves off from their emotions.

2. It turned out that men and women were affected equally when stress was measured physiologically.

3. It is known that high heart rate and high blood pressure contribute to CHD (coronary heart disease).

4. It was likely that people who developed cancer, also got fatigued and felt helpless.

5. It appears that combat veterans are especially vulnerable to PTSD.

6. It is most likely heavy combat and childhood sexual abuse trigger this disorder.