Вариант 3

Задание 1

Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

Air Pollution Affects Everyone

Air pollution is one of the greatest risks to human health and the environments. It turns clear, odorless air into hazy smelly air that harms health, kills plants, and damages property. While often invisible, pollutants in the air create smog and acid rain, cause cancer or other serious health problems, diminish the protective ozone layer in the upper atmosphere, and contribute to the potential for world climate change.

Smog and other types of air pollution can lead to or aggravate respiratory, heart, and other health problems. Both gases and particulates burn people's eyes and irritate their lungs. Particulates can settle in the lungs and worsen such respiratory diseases as asthma and bronchitis. Some experts believe that particulates may even help cause such diseases as cancer, emphysema, and pneumonia. In cities throughout the world, long periods of heavy air pollution have caused illness and death rates to increase dramatically. It can be particularly harmful to people with existing lung or heart disease, the elderly and the very young. However, not everyone who lives in such areas will have health problems. Level, extent, and duration of exposure, age, individual susceptibility, and other factors play a significant role in determining whether or not someone will experience pollution-related health problems. Since polluted air can move from one area or region to another, it has the potential to affect virtually all of us.

In the mid-1950s Norwegians began to notice that there were fewer and fewer fish in the lakes. Not until the 1960s was the reason discovered: acid rains. It was demonstrated that the local rainwater contained acid, which killed aquatic life. The ecological upset caused by the gases first noticed in Norway soon took on global dimensions. Acid rain - caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides combining with moisture in the air - limits the ability of lakes to support aquatic life, may damage trees and plants, and erodes building surfaces and national monuments.

The air inside our homes and offices is another area for concern.

A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that indoor air can be more seriously polluted than the air outside. Radon, asbestos, lead-based paint, tobacco smoke, solvent and other "air toxics" are known or suspected to cause serious health effects, such as damage to respiratory or nervous systems. Radon, alone, has been estimated to cause thousands of preventable lung cancer deaths every year.

Air pollutants may also affect the weather. Both gases and particulates can cause changes in the average temperatures of an area. Particulates scatter the sun's rays and reduce the amount of sunlight that reaches the ground. Such interference with sunlight may cause average temperatures in the area to drop. Some gases, including carbon dioxide and methane, allow sunlight to reach the ground, but prevent the sunlight's heat from rising out of the atmosphere and flowing back into space. This development, called a greenhouse effect, may cause average temperatures to rise. Some chemicals used in refrigerators and air conditioners last a long time if released into the air, rising to the upper atmosphere where they destroy the protective ozone layer exposing us to the sun's harmful rays.

Air pollution has many sources. Scientists distinguish between natural and artificial sources of atmospheric pollution. Natural pollution of the atmosphere occurs when volcanoes erupt, rock is weathered, dust storms take place, forest fires occur as, a result of lightning, and sea salt is washed ashore. The atmosphere always contains aeroplankton (bacteria, including those causing disease), fungi spores, plant pollen, etc. Artificial pollution of the atmosphere is characteristic mostly of cities and industrial districts. Cities and suburbs contain numerous industrial enterprises, automobiles and heating system, which pollute the atmosphere and negatively influence the local climate. Some sources are obvious - like industrial smokestacks, chemical plants, trucks and buses. Others are not so obvious - like gasoline stations; dry-cleaners; outboard motors; lawn, garden, farm, and construction equipment, engines; certain paints; and various household products.

Since it affects all of us, everyone should become informed about, and take actions that will prevent and reduce air pollution.

Задание 2.

Составьте реферирование текста Задания 1. Используйте Приложение 1 (Фразы для аннотирования статьи на английском языке)

Задание 3.

Прочитайте текст. Составьте свою биографию.

My name is Mary Stuart. I was born and raised in the heart of Siberia. My native town is Irkutsk. I was born on the 5^th of September in 1980. So, now I am 32 years old.

My parents are lawyers. And they wanted to see me in this profession as well. My mother’s name is Tatiana. She is 57. My father’s name is George. He is 59. I am an only child in the family.

I studied in a local linguistic school. I was an excellent pupil. And I loved my teachers very much. They made learning fun. May be because of the example of my teachers I decided to become one of them.  But I got older, and goals changed and I didn’t pursue that path. After finishing school I entered the linguistic university. There I studied well and many times I was sent abroad to improve my skills in foreign languages.

So, I became an interpreter and a writer. I worked in a local English paper. I had to write notes about the development of the languages, the latest news in this field, everything what is interesting about English. The part I loved most about my job was communication.  Every day I met different people. They helped me know more about other life, learnt something.

I was still active in travelling abroad. In one of this journey I met my future husband. So, we got married in 2004. I became a daycare provider. Now we have a son. He is 4 years old. My husband is a doctor. He works much. I enjoyed being home with my son. But at one time I wanted to have an opportunity to work and use my knowledge again. My husband has got a better place in another city – in Moscow. So, we have to move. I was happy. Now we live on the outskirts of the city. I have found a job in the University. So, I have fulfilled the dream of my childhood.