Task 15. Agree or disagree with the statements below the box. Use phrases from a and b:

A	B
I should say so Certainly I quite agree with you I think so too You are quite right there Exactly Quite so That’s just what I think	I disagree with you there I am afraid I can’t agree with you I think you are mistaken Not at all Nothing of the kind On the contrary Rubbish Nonsense That’s ridiculous

1. We shouldn’t be blinded by emotional arguments: glorification of criminal on screen.

2. What are the facts? In Britain capital crime has not increased since suspension of capital punishment.

3. In the USA, adjacent states, in which one has a death penalty and the other does not, show no significant differences in the murder rate.

4. This has been proved many times in the past: relaxation of harsh laws has never led to increase in crime.

5. Therefore the “deterrent” argument is absurd: capital punishment has never protected anyone.

6. Those in favour of capital punishment are motivated only by desire for revenge and retaliation.

7. There has been a marked trend in society towards the humane treatment of less fortunate members.

8. Hanging, electric chairs, garroting are barbaric practices, unworthy of human beings.

9. Suspension of capital punishment is enlightened and civilized.

10. Capital punishment rather creates than solves problems.

11. Solution lies elsewhere: society is to blame.

12. Overcrowding, slums, poverty, broken homes: these are the factors that lead to crime.

13. Crime can only be drastically reduced by the elimination of social injustices – not by creating so-called “deterrents” when the real problems remain unsolved.

Topic 6. Treatment of Offenders

Topical vocabulary

banishment – изгнание, ссылка censorship – цензура confinement – ограничение, тюремное заключение conduct – поведение convict – обвинять correction – исправление to be entitled to – иметь право на to escape – бежать из заключения execution – казнь exile – ссылка felony – уголовное преступление forfeiture – лишение, потеря права на что-л. habitual offender – рецидивист Habeas corpus – предписание о представлении арестованного в суд для рассмотрения законности ареста inmates – заключенные inherent – присущий, неотъемлемый to isolate – изолировать

individual cells – отдельные камеры jail – тюрьма to maintain – поддерживать mandamus – предписывать, отдавать распоряжение mutiny – мятеж, восстание penal – срок тюремного заключения prohibit – запрещать proneness – склонность penitent – кающийся penitence – раскаяние, покаяние punishment block – карцер to prevent – предотвращать to release – освобождать to reform – исправлять, улучшать to restore – восстанавливать to serve – отбывать (срок) security – безопасность solitary – единичный, одиночный to be subjected to – подвергаться treatment – обращение, обхождение

Penal and Correctional Institutions

A prison is an institution for the confinement of persons convicted of major crimes or felonies. In the 19^th and the 20the centuries imprisonment replaced corporal punishment, execution, exile, banishment. Imprisonment is a means of punishing convicted criminals. During the 16^th century the Houses of correction were established for the reform of minor offenders by means of strict discipline and hard labour. But little segregation by age, sex, the unsanitary conditions, lack of provisions for the welfare of the inmates caused to change the methods of handling criminals. Solitary confinement of criminals in the opinion of the rationalist reformers of the 18^th century would help the offender to become penitent and that penitence would result in reformation. In the USA “the silent system” was developed. Silence was strictly enforced in the daytime while prisoners’ work, and at night the prisoners were confined in individual cells. In Irish prisons the first portion of the sentence was served in isolation. At the second stage the prisoners were allowed to associate with other inmates in various kinds of work projects. The last six months or more before release were served in “intermediate prisons”. Release was conditional upon the continued good conduct of the offender. Modern prisons are quite diverse, but it is possible to make some possible generalizations about them. The inmates are subjected to rules governing every aspect of life. Prison is an institution of authoritarian character. The penal institutions are separated into categories of maximum, medium, and minimum security. Convicted offenders are assigned to a particular category on the basis of the seriousness or violent nature of their offence, the term of their sentence, their proneness to escape. Within a prison, the inmates are classified into several categories and housed in corresponding cellblocks according to the security risk posed by each individual. Younger offenders are usually held in separate institutions (reformatories) that provide a stronger emphasis on treatment and correction rather than punishment.

Prisons serve to isolate the criminal from society and to punish him for his crime. An offender’s time in prison is usually reduced for a good behaviour. They can receive visitors from family members and friends from the outside world.

Prison population consists of unconvicted prisoners, young offenders, women prisoners, habitual offenders, life-sentenced prisoners.

Prison life means the deprivation of liberty and all goods and services from the outside world. Prisoners are subjected to regulations and every aspect of their behaviour is under control. This control is a means of maintaining security, controlling the introduction of weapons, contraband substances and preventing escapes. Visits normally take place within the sight of an officer, and in some cases within his hearing. Correspondence is usually subject to censorship by the prison authorities, and no more than one letter each week is allowed. Control over prison is maintained by a number of disciplinary sanctions, which may include forfeiture of privileges, confinement within a punishment block or cell, or the loss of remission or good time. The prohibited offences include mutiny and violence to officers; escaping, or being absent from a place where the prisoner is required to be and possessing unauthorized articles. But prisoners enjoy some rights while they serve the sentence, e.g. in the USA the prisoners are entitled to the protection of the Constitution. Habeas Corpus and mandamus restore to the prisoners’ rights that have been illegally denied; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights declares that “all persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person.”

Alternatives to imprisonment are: fine, restitution, probation, suspected sentence, reparation, disqualification.

Task 1. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following words and expressions.

• тюремное заключение

• осуждать

• уголовное преступление

• телесные наказания

• ссылка

• изгнание

• тюрьма

• одиночный

• раскаяние

• заключенный

• склонность

• отбывать (срок)

• обвинять

• исправлять

• поведение

• бежать из заключения

• изолировать

• подвергаться

• цензура

• карцер

• мятеж

• иметь право на

• отдавать распоряжение

• восстанавливать

• неотъемлемый

• срок тюремного заключения

Task 2. Mix and match as synonyms:

penal, penalty, segregate, felony, treatment, jail, criminal, conduct, execution, prison, inmate, to correct, to exile, riot, felon, prone, behaviour, mutiny, prisoner, to banish, to reform, imprisonment, major crime, handling, solitary, punitive, punishment, confinement, likely (to), lawful killing.

Task 3. Match the words (A) to their definitions (B):

A	B
inherent	a. place where people are kept by law after they have been found guilty of a crime
2. treatment	b. taken from one by law as a punishment
3. penitentiary	c. to put a prisoner in a cell
forfeit	d. feeling or showing that one is sorry for having done wrong and that one intends not to do it again
to banish	e. the act or manner of treating someone or something
penitent	f. the right of someone in prison to appear in a court of law, so that the court can decide whether they should stay in prison
mandamus	g. to send away by official order as a punishment
Habeas corpus	h. a writ or command issued by a higher court to a lower court
to entitle	i. forced or unwanted absence from one’s country, often for political reasons
10.censorship	j. the work of examining letters
11.confine	k. present naturally as a part of; not able to be thought as separate
12. exile	l. to give someone the right to do something or have something

Task 4. Complete the following table.

Verb	Noun
to convict - to punish - to banish - to confine - to release - to correct - to correspond - to prohibit - - to suspend to maintain - to restore	- imprisonment - exile - reformer - isolation - treatment - visitor - remission - protection mandamus - - prevention - execution

Task 5. Match the following headings with sections of the text. Entitle the text.

Prison inmates, unconvicted prisoners, young offenders, women prisoners, habitual offenders, life-sentence prisoners.

Prisoners are held in custody awaiting trial. They are presumed to be innocent. They are allowed a release on bail, to prepare for trial, to maintain contact with relatives and friends, to pursue legitimate business and social interests, to wear their own clothes and have unlimited correspondence.

School-age delinquents are kept in residential training schools, juvenile offenders serve in special facilities.

Women are held in smaller prisons with special programmes and recreational opportunities offered to reflect stereotyped female roles, with emphasis on housekeeping, sewing and typing skills. Some prisons provide mother and baby units.

Criminals who have frequently been apprehended and convicted, often practicing in crime, presumed to be a danger to the society.

Since capital punishment has been abolished in many countries, the penalty for the most atrocious crimes such as murder, the murder of police or prison officers, terrorist murders, murder by firearms in the cause of robbery and the sexual or sadistic murder of children is life imprisonment for at least twenty years. Life sentences for offences other than murder can be reduced up to nine years.

Task 6. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following:

исправительное заведение для малолетних правонарушителей; рецидивисты; неосужденный; заточение; арестованный; осужденный; отменять; вооруженный грабеж.

Task 7. Find the opposites in the text:

acquitted, innocent, ‘sound’ system, common, guilty person, to get a penal, last, communally, to prohibit, free people, confinement, bad conduct, impossible, penal institutions, linked, danger, old offenders, punishment, to increase, inside, first offenders, exclude, legally, humiliation, to enjoy one’s rights.

Task 8. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word from the brackets.

(fine, restitution, probation, suspended sentence, reparation, disqualification, supervision, custody, custodial sentence, community service)

1. The Government believes that ____ should be a sanction of last resort. 2. Where the public needs to be protected, the ____ dangerous offender gets a ____ _____. 3. The most common sentence is a ___. 4. The ___ service in England and Wales also administers supervision orders, community service scheme and parole. 5. Victims of crimes of violence in some countries are entitled to ___ from public funds. 6. The principle of ___ is an alternative to punitive sentences. 7. In many American states probation is combined with ____ ____. 8. The concept of ____ has gained in popularity in a number of jurisdictions. 9. In England reparation takes the form of the ____ ____. 10. The ____ sentence is not served unless the offender is convicted of a further offence punishable with imprisonment. 11. An offender receiving a suspended sentence may be placed under the ____ of a probation officer. 12. ___ implies the idea of preventing an offender from committing other offences, without confining them in a prison. 13. A drunken driver, a fraudulent company director, a corrupt politician may be ____. 14. The most familiar power of this kind is that of disqualifying an offender from holding a ____ license.

Task 9. Match A to B. Use the word combinations in sentences of your own.

A	B
быть лишенным водительских прав быть лишенным родительских прав коррумпированный политик обман, мошенничество условный приговор наблюдение, надзор компенсация откладывать приговор общественные работы общественный надзор судебный приказ о направлении на пробацию пробация реституция дисквалификация	probation order community supervision disqualification supervision be disqualified from holding a driver’s license a corrupt politician be deprived of parental authority suspended sentence probation to suspend judgement reparation fraudulence community service orders

Task 10. Match the following English expression with their Russian equivalents.

to be held in custody to release somebody with or without bail liable to disciplinary proceedings to release from prison on probation to serve one’s term of a sentence to handle without gloves (mittens) to have no previous conviction to be exiled for life to break banishment to keep somebody under strict supervision 11. to humiliate somebody’s pride

a. обращаться сурово b.отбывать срок наказания c. не иметь судимостей d.арестовать, взять под стражу e.условное освобождение на поруки f.подлежащий ответственности в дисциплинарном порядке g.унизить чье-либо достоинство h.держать кого-либо под строгим надзором i. приговорить к пожизненной ссылке j. освободить на поруки (под залог) k. нарушить приказ об освобождении

Task 11. Define statesments below the box as true or false. Use phrases of agreement (A) or disagreement (B).

A	B
I should say so Certainly I quite agree with you I think so too You are quite right there Exactly Quite so That’s just what I think	I disagree with you there I am afraid I can’t agree with you I think you are mistaken Not at all Nothing of the kind On the contrary Rubbish Nonsense That’s ridiculous

1. Hundreds of thousands of people are imprisoned in inhumane conditions.

2. Many countries with very high prison populations have very high crime rates.

3. There are people who present such a danger to the community that they need to be detained.

4. Prison doesn’t deter many people from crime.

5. Whilst in prison, the attitudes of minor offenders harden as they mix with those convicted of more serious crimes.

6. All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person.

Task 12. Answer the questions on the text.

1. What is a prison?

2. Is imprisonment the chief means of punishing serious offenders?

3. What penalties for criminal acts were replaced by imprisonment?

4. What is the aim of the houses of correction?

5. What were the means of punishing offenders before the 19^th century?

6. What were the main features of houses of correction in the 16^th century?

7. What caused to change the methods of handling prisoners in the houses of correction?

8. What is the “silent system”?

9. What were Irish prisons like in the mid-1800s?

10. What were the three stages of serving a sentence in Irish prisons?

11. To what rules are the inmates subjected in prison?

12. Into what categories are penal institutions separated? Why?

13. Are the inmates classified into several categories within a prison?

14. Where are younger offenders usually held? Why?

15. What is the purpose of prisons?

16. What are the prisoners’ rights?

17. What does prison population consist of?

18. Does prison life mean the deprivation of liberty?

19. What is strict control over prisoners aimed at?

20. What are disciplinary sanctions in prison?

21. Do prisoners enjoy some rights?

22. What does the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights declare?

23. What are alternatives to imprisonment?

Task 13. Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions:

unconvicted prisoner, juvenile delinquent, recidivist, habitual offender, life-sentence prisoner, incarceration, confinement, prolonged isolation, to become penitent, retribution, restitution, probation, supervision, community service.

Task 14. Which of the following words refer to

a) aims of punishment

b) correctional institutions

Individual cell, punishment block, custody, prison, imprisonment, jail, incarceration, isolation, gaol, deterrent, exile, penal, penitentiary, penitence, confinement, reformation, House of correction, rehabilitation, retribution, restitution, reformatory, suspended sentence.

Task 15. Translate into English. Use the words below.

1. В современном мире широко дискутируется вопрос о правах заключенных. 2. Право заключенных на вполне цивилизованную жизнь в условиях заключения. 3. В Великобритании при тюрьмах построены гимнастические залы, открыты библиотеки. 4. Осужденные занимаются физическим трудом, обучаются определенным видам ремесел. 5. Виды ремесел включают: пошив одежды, строительство зданий, столярное ремесло, работу в прачечной, сельскохозяйственный труд, садоводство. 6. Осужденные могут повысить свой образовательный уровень. 7. Несовершеннолетние правонарушители занимаются 15 часов в неделю. 8. Совершеннолетние преступники могут получать образование на добровольной основе. 9. У заключенных есть возможность подготовиться к экзаменам в Открытый Университет. 10. Эти программы помогут осужденному найти работу после освобождения, приспособиться к условиям жизни в обществе среди законопослушных граждан.

Preparation for release, planning for safe release, training, to equip prisoners, to fit back into society, to cope with life, adult offenders, pre-release programmes, re-adapt to society, innovate programmes, law-abiding citizens, aftercare programmes, supervised on release, probation service.

Task 16. Make up as many logical pairs of words as possible.

A. sentence, prison, institution, confinement, conditions, cell, systems, prisoner, isolation, penalty, offender, security, treatment, offence, claims, settlement, servitude, bodies, administrator, guard, ward, officer, writs, probation, terms, restitution, reparation, improvements.

B. correctional, penal, suspended, mild, solitary, strict, insanitory, individual, punishment, intermediate, minimum (maximum, medium)-security, convicted, unconvicted, prolonged, just, young, juvenile, long-term, cruel, ill, petty, justifiable, disciplinary, prison, legal, inhumane, effective, financial, affluent, original, probation, order, officer, separate.

Task 17. Mix and match A with B, pay attention to the verb “to banish”.

A	B
1. He banished himself voluntary.	a. Туземцев изгнали с острова.
2. The native population was banished from the island.	b. Отбросьте подозрения, и мы станем друзьями.
3. She was banished from the house.	c. Он подверг себя добровольному изгнанию.
4. The quarreled and he banished her from his presence.	d. Ее выгнали из дома.
5. The doctor said she must banish fear and anxiety.	e. Вам нужно преодолеть свою застенчивость.
6. You must banish your shyness.	f. Доктор сказал, что она должна избавиться от страха и тревоги.
7. You must banish all thoughts of ever reaching fame.	g. Вы должны отказаться от мысли о славе.
8. Banish your suspicion and will be friends.	h. Они поссорились и он прогнал ее с глаз долой.

Task 18. Match the following expressions in A with their Russian equivalents in B. Use the English expressions in questions.

A. breach of prison; closed\open prison; to be sent to prison; prison breaker; life-sentence prisoner; prisoner on bail; long-term prisoner; to be out on bail; to deny bail; legal rehabilitation; psychiatric rehabilitation; to free on bail; to go for bail; under sentence of death.

B. осужденный, отбывающий пожизненное заключение; осужденный, отбывающий длительный срок заключения; отказать в поручительстве; побег из тюрьмы; быть приговоренным к тюремному заключению; тюрьма открытого (закрытого) типа; бежавший из тюрьмы; выпустить под залог; психиатрическая реабилитация; освободить на поруки; юридическая реабилитация; стать поручителем; под приговором смерти; обвиняемый, отпущенный из-под стражи на поруки.

Task 19. Circle the odd words out. Justify your answers.

1. prison, jail, cell, reformatory, correctional institution, to release.

2. prisoners, inmates, prison population, prison officers.

3. penalty, fine, retribution, restitution, imprisonment.

4. isolation, solitary confinement, custody, closed prison, punishment block, open prison.

5. to be entitled to, to have rights, to enjoy one’s rights, to forfeit the rights.

6. sentenced, convicted, served, re-sentenced.

7. disciplinary bodies, disciplinary proceedings, disciplinary sanctions, encouragement.

8. mutiny, violence, riot, escaping.

9. to be sent to prison, to do one’s time in prison, to serve one’s term in prison, to do community service.

10. life-sentence prisoner, juvenile delinquent, recidivist, woman-prisoner, unconvicted prisoner.

Task 20. Insert the prepositions (in, of, to, with, about, to, against, on, for from). Translate into Russian. Make up your own sentences.

Accused _, agree _, approve _, believe _, blame _, charge _, comments _, complain _, decide _, delay _, experience _, famous _, fond _, hear _, insist _, involve _, object _, opinion _, prevent _, punish_, rely _, responsible _, succeed _, suspicious_.

Task 21. Prepare your arguments for or against the statements below.

1. Society is not ready to accept ex-prisoners. They will always be objects of suspicion in the community.

2. Society helps prisoners make the transition from prison to the community.

3. It is never too late to start again.