V. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.

1. Al Capone was as powerful gangster as Lucky Luciano in America. 2. The more the individual contacts with persons whose own behaviour is unlawful, the more he learns and adopts their values as the basis for his own behaviour. 3. Nowadays police officers are getting younger and younger. 4. The new prosecutor’s office is five storeys higher than the one we worked at before. 5. Juvenile delinquency is much more serious than we at first thought. 6. Today the treatment of criminals is not so barbaric as it used to be in ancient time. 7. Women will soon reach the same level of crime as men in this town. 8. The name of Dreyfus is one of the most famous in the history of espionage. 9. Of those three criminals the last was by far the worst. 10. This problem is not as serious as it seems.

VI. Choose the proper forms of the adjectives in brackets.

1. Father Brown is one of the _ figures of detective fiction I have ever known. (great) 2. Old houses are not so _ as new ones. (comfortable) 3. Mary is as _ as a bee. (busy) 4. The _ she waited, the _ she became. (long, impatient) 5. Since she has been in Britain, her English has got _ and _. (good) 6. I’m afraid the problem is much _ than it seems. (complicated) 7. My sister is _ than me. (old) 8. That’s _ joke I’ve ever heard. (funny) 9. The _ point of his report was that he didn’t know the figures. (weak) 10. Last night I went to bed _ than usual. (earlier)

VII. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.

1. В наши дни наказания не такие суровые, как были раньше. 2. Это решение такое же простое, как то. 3. С каждым месяцем его жизнь становилась все интереснее и интереснее. 4. У него не было сомнений в том, что профессия юриста является одной из самых благородных в мире. 5. Чем больше человек имеет, тем больше ему хочется. 6. История Права для нас была самым интересным предметом в институте.

VIII. Read the text and translate it into Russian in written form.

Development of Law

Law develops as society evolves. Historically, the simplest societies were tribal. The members of the tribe were bonded together by kinship and worship of the same gods. Even in the absence of courts and legislature there was law—a mixture of custom, morality, religion, and magic. The visible authority was the ruler, or chief; the ultimate authorities were the gods who revealed their will in the forces of nature and in the revelations of the tribal head or the priests. Misdeeds against the tribe (breach of tribal custom) were cruelly punished. Tribe members appeased gods in rituals ending in sacrifice or expulsion of the wrongdoer. As a rule, the family of the victim avenged the family of the wrongdoer, who was guilty of misdeeds against individuals, such as murder, theft, adultery, or failure to repay a debt. Revenge of this kind was based on tribal custom, a major component of early law.

Tribal society gradually evolved into territorial confederations. Governmental structures appeared, and modern law began to take shape. The most significant historical example is Roman law, which influenced most of the legal systems of the world. In the 8th century BC the law of Rome was still a combination of custom and interpretation by magistrates of the will of the gods. The magistrates later lost their legitimacy because of great discrimination against the lower class. The threat of revolution led to one of the most significant developments in the history of law: the Twelve Tables of Rome, which were engraved on bronze tablets in the 5th century BC. They were a declaration of existing custom concerning such matters as property, payment of debts, and compensation for bodily injures. The Twelve Tables serve as a historical basis for the widespread modern belief that fair law is written law. These tables provide the main source of civil law in much of modern Europe, South America, and elsewhere.

The common-law systems of England, and later of the U.S., developed in a different manner. Before the Norman Conquest (1066), England consisted of different groups of societies, the laws of which were tribal and local. The Anglo-Norman rulers created a system of centralized courts that operated under a single set of laws that replaced the rules laid down by earlier societies. This legal system, known as the common law of England, began with common customs, but over time it involved the courts in lawmaking that was responsible for changes in society.

Modern legislatures and administrative agencies produce a much greater quantity of formal law, but the judiciary remains very important.

IX. Find the synonyms to the following words in the text:

To develop, community, to connect, combination, convention, to revenge, offence, offender.

X. Find the adjectives in the text, put them down and give their comparative and superlative forms.

XI. Give adjective corresponding to:

society, tribe, legislature, cruelty, significance, legitimacy, responsibility, history, guilt, territory.

XII. Put the type of question given in brackets to the following sentences:

1. Tribal society gradually evolved into territorial confederations. (General)

2. The members of the tribe were bonded together by kinship and worship of the same gods. (Special to the subject)

3. Governmental structures appeared, and modern law began to take shape. (Special)

4. The visible authority was the ruler. (Alternative)

5. Law develops as society evolves. (Disjunctive)

XIII. Answer the questions.

1. How are Law and Society correlated with each other?

2. What were the simplest societies like?

3. What was Law like during the tribal societies?

4. Who did the authority belong to in a tribe?

5. What was the punishment for those who breached the tribal custom?

6. How did the tribe punish those who committed such crimes as murder, theft, adultery or failed to repay the debts?

7. What was a major component of early Law?

8. What was the result of the tribal society evolution?

9. What was the Roman law like in the 8th century?

10. What caused the development of the Twelve Tables of Rome?

11. When were the Twelve Tables of Rome drafted?

12. What issues did the Twelve Tables of Rome concern?

13. What is the influence of the Twelve Tables of Rome on the development of legal systems?

14. What system of law is there in England?

15. What were the laws of England like before and during the Norman Conquest?

16. What is the role of courts in the common-law system of England?