- •1. The subject of tGr. The systematic approach. Syntagmatics and paradygmatics. Levels of language.
- •2, 3. Morphology and its basic problems. The interrelation of morphology and syntax. Morpheme and its types.
- •4. The lexico-grammatical classes of words. Parts of speech and criteria for their classification.
- •5. Grammatical categories and parts of speech.
- •6,7. The noun and its categories.
- •8. Adjectives. Degrees of comparison.
- •9. Determinatives. Types. Semantics and Pragmatics.
- •10. The verb. Derivational and semantic characteristics. Categories of the verb.
- •12. The category of mood. Means of expressing modality in English.
- •11. Tense and aspect. Peculiarities of the English system.
- •13. The category of voice.
- •14. Pronouns. Classification and functions. The problem of substitution and representation.
- •15. Adverbs. Semantics and pragmatics.
- •16. Syntax as a special level of language. Basic units of syntax.
- •17. Syntax of phrases (word-groups). Types of phrases, their inner syntax.
- •18. Types of syntactic relations within phrases.
- •19. The sentence and its categories. Basic properties of the s. Classification of s.
- •20. The simple s. Sentence structure. Members of the s. Functional sentence perspective.
- •21. Modeling the simple sentence in structural grammar.
- •23. The complex sentence. Types and classification. The problem of the compound sentence.
- •Classification:
- •24. The structural grammar.
- •25. The transformational generative grammar.
- •26. The case grammar.
- •27,28. Text linguistics. Discourse. Categories of text. Cohesion.
16. Syntax as a special level of language. Basic units of syntax.
Syntax is a brunch of grammar that works with syntactic elements. (Principle and secondary syntactic elements.)
Principle: the subject and the predicate.
The predicate is divided into verbal predicate and nominal predicate.
Secondary syntactic elements: attribute, object and adverbial.
Object: direct, indirect and prepositional.
Adverbial: of manner, place...etc. A direct object is used to define transitive verbs.
Direct objects are usually accompanied by a verb. Indirect object is a gram. object representing the secondary goal of the action of the verb. Adverbial describe the circumstances in which the action of the verb is performed. Clauses can be of two types: independent and dependent (subordinate). An independent clause demonstrates a complete thought. "I'm sad"- independent. "Because I have no friends" - subordinate
17. Syntax of phrases (word-groups). Types of phrases, their inner syntax.
A phrase is a group of words that work together to express a unified meaning. But that lack a subject, a predicate, or both.
In any phrase we distinguish between the word (that’s the head of the phrase) and other words that are dependents to that head. The head is the most important word in the phrase, because it bears crucial semantic information. The word class of the head determines the entire phrase. The head is the only word that has distribution as the entire phrase. The head in each phrase require its dependents to be there.
Traditionally, dependents are classified into two main types: adjuncts and complements. Adjuncts are always optional, while complements are obligatory.
To talk loudly – adjunct. To give a present to your boyfriend – complement.
Types of phrases:
Subordinate (подчин.)/ coordinate (сочин.) When two words associated together grammatically, their relation may be either of coordination or subordination. Coordination – Man, women and children. Subordination – Alfred, King of England.
Endocentric (headed)/ exocentric (non-headed). Endocentric phrases contain a head word, exocentric are non-headed. This dichotomy was suggested by Bloomfield. It’s possible to substitute the head for the group or the group for the head within the same context, without changing the structure. (I like fresh fruit. – I like fruit.)
In non-headed groups no word can substitute for the entire group. – (I saw a book of poems. – A book of poems is what I saw.)
Syndetic/ asyndetic (союзное/ бессоюзное). Syndetic phrases have conjunctions to connect the words within the phrase. (E.g. fresh fruit and vegetables) While asyndetic phrases have no conjunctions. (E.g. Alfred, king of England)
Predicative/ non-predicative. The predicative connection of the words uniting the subject and predicate that builds up the basic of the sentence. The reciprocal nature of this connection is in the fact that the subject determines the predicate pointing at the person of predication, while the predicate determines the subject pointing the events of predication.
Free/grammatically-fixed. A syntactic group is a combination of word that forms a distinct part of a sentence. If we study their nature, they can be classified as close and loose.
We speak of a close group when one of the members is syntactically the leading element of the group. If we speak of a loose group then each element is comparatively independent of the members. (E.g. A one day – close; man and women – free/loose.