- •Department of Soil Science & Soil Conservation
- •Introduction
- •2. General scheme & processes of soil formation.
- •3. Morphological features of the soil profile.
- •4. Soil ecology.
- •Study outline:
- •1. Soil definition and the factors of plant growth.
- •4. Soil texture.
- •2. Plant roots and soil relations.
- •3. Soil fertility and soil productivity.
- •1. Sources and composition of som.
- •2. Residue decomposition and humus formation.
- •3. Agronomical and ecological roles of som.
- •4. Maintenance and balance of som.
- •2. Nature and properties of soil colloids.
- •3. Pole in soil genesis and soil productivity development.
- •4. Types and practical significance of soil absorbing capacity.
- •2. Soil Properties as Effected by Exchangeable Cations.
- •3. Soil Acidity & Acid Soil Amendment.
- •4.Soil Alkalinity & Sodic Soil Amendment.
- •5. Soil Buffer Capacity & Significance of Soil pH.
- •2. Managing soil structure.
- •3. Particle density and bulk density.
- •4. Soil porosity and aeration porosity.
- •5. Mechanical properties of mineral soils and their management.
- •2. Soil Water Movement.
- •3. Plant and Soil Water Relations.
- •4.Soil Water Regime.
- •6. Soil Water Management.
- •1.1. Composition and concentration of soil solution.
- •1.2. Osmotic pressure of soil solution.
- •1.3. Redox potential and redox processes in the soils.
- •2. Soil air, a gaseous phase of the soil.
- •2.1. Soil air composition and properties.
- •2.2. Plant requirements to soil aeration.
- •3. Management of soil redox and aeration regimes.
- •1. Soil temperature & modes of energy transfer.
- •2. Conduction of heat in soil. Heat-related soil properties.
- •3. Thermal conductivity of soil.
- •4. Thermal regime of soil profiles &its control.
- •2. Principles of soil cover zoning in Ukraine.
- •3. Soil Zoning in the Mountain regions.
- •4. Fao nomenclature of soils.
- •2. Soddy Podzolic and Soddy Podzolic Gleyed soils.
- •3. Soddy soils.
- •4. Bog and Peat soils.
- •5. Practices of soil management in Ukrainian Polissya.
- •2. Grey Forest and Podzolized soils.
- •3.Chernozems of the Steppe Zone.
- •2. Dark chestnut and chestnut soils.
- •3. Salt-affected soils.
- •4. Practices of soil amendment and land use improvement in the arid steppe zone.
2. Principles of soil cover zoning in Ukraine.
Ukrainian territory has the following soil-geographic zones on the plainland: (1) Forest zone (Ukrainian Polissya), (2) Forest-Steppe zone, (3) Chernozemic Steppe zone, (4) Arid Steppe zone. The Ukrainian Carpathians belong to the Carpathian subprovince of the Central European broadleaved forest province with the distinct vertical zonation. The mountain Crimea is included into a province of a Crimean mountain country. This province includes subtropical moderately warm xerophytic forest region on the southern slopes of the main mountain range with cinnamonic mountain soils. Thus in the climatic aspect the territory of Ukraine lies within three bioclimatic belts: (1) boreal, (2) subboreal, and (3) subtropical.
The area of Ukrainian Polissya is approximately 11.8 mln ha. This is a separate physico-geographic (and soil-geographic) zone of mixed forests with soddy- podzolic modal (typical) and gleyed soils. The zone is divided into four provinces: (1) Western Polissya, (2) Central Right-Bank Polissya, (3) Left-Bank Upland Polissya, and (4) Left-Bank Lowland Polissya. The Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine occupies an area of 20.3mln ha. Vast expanses of steppes are alternated with the area of a forestland. Grey forest, podzolized, and some subtypes of Chernozemic soils are encountered here. The zone is subdivided into four provinces: (1) Western, (2) Right-Bank Central Upland, (3) Left-Bank Lowland, and (4) Left-Bank Upland.
The Chernozemic Steppe zone is subdivided into two subzones: those of Northern and Southern Chernozemic Steppes. Ordinary Chernozems are a subtype of the Northern Steppe zone, while Southern Chernozems are a subzonal subtype of the Southern Steppe zone. Chernozemic steppes occupy an area of 20.3 mln ha. The northern subzone is subdivided into the provinces: (1) south-western province, (2) Dnestr-Dneprovsky province, (3) Dnepr-Donetsky province, (4) Donetsky province, and (5) Trans-Donetsky province. The southern subzone is subdivided into the provinces: (1) Sub-Danubian province, (2) Azov-Black Sea province, (3) Crimean province, and (4) Kerchian province. Further to the south, there is the Arid-Steppe zone of Ukraine occupying an area of 4.7 mln ha. This is the zone of dark-chestnut and chestnut soils mostly salinity and sodicity-affected to a varying extent which form soil cover in complexes with very saline (solonchak) and very alkaline (solonetz) soils. The Arid Steppe zone is subdivided into two provinces: (1) Black Sea Lowland province and (2) Northern-Crimean province.
3. Soil Zoning in the Mountain regions.
The zone of brown forest soils of Ukrainian Carpathians has a feature of vertical zonality. It is composed of the provinces: (1) Transcarpathian lowland province, (2) mountain (vertical) zone of brownish-podzolic gleyed foothill soils, (3) mountain zone of podzolic gleyed brown forest soils of the Transcarpathian foothills, (4) mountain zone of alpine meadow soils (1200-1500 m above sea level), and (5) mountain zone of brown forest soils (up to 500-1500 m above sea level).
The mountain (vertical) zones of the Crimea include the following: (1) Chernozemic zone of foothill steppes, (2) zone of foothill forest-steppe, (3) zone of the mountain brown forest soils, (4) zone of alpine meadow soils (yailas), and (5) zone of cinnamonic soils on the southern slope of the main mountain range.