- •Department of Soil Science & Soil Conservation
- •Introduction
- •2. General scheme & processes of soil formation.
- •3. Morphological features of the soil profile.
- •4. Soil ecology.
- •Study outline:
- •1. Soil definition and the factors of plant growth.
- •4. Soil texture.
- •2. Plant roots and soil relations.
- •3. Soil fertility and soil productivity.
- •1. Sources and composition of som.
- •2. Residue decomposition and humus formation.
- •3. Agronomical and ecological roles of som.
- •4. Maintenance and balance of som.
- •2. Nature and properties of soil colloids.
- •3. Pole in soil genesis and soil productivity development.
- •4. Types and practical significance of soil absorbing capacity.
- •2. Soil Properties as Effected by Exchangeable Cations.
- •3. Soil Acidity & Acid Soil Amendment.
- •4.Soil Alkalinity & Sodic Soil Amendment.
- •5. Soil Buffer Capacity & Significance of Soil pH.
- •2. Managing soil structure.
- •3. Particle density and bulk density.
- •4. Soil porosity and aeration porosity.
- •5. Mechanical properties of mineral soils and their management.
- •2. Soil Water Movement.
- •3. Plant and Soil Water Relations.
- •4.Soil Water Regime.
- •6. Soil Water Management.
- •1.1. Composition and concentration of soil solution.
- •1.2. Osmotic pressure of soil solution.
- •1.3. Redox potential and redox processes in the soils.
- •2. Soil air, a gaseous phase of the soil.
- •2.1. Soil air composition and properties.
- •2.2. Plant requirements to soil aeration.
- •3. Management of soil redox and aeration regimes.
- •1. Soil temperature & modes of energy transfer.
- •2. Conduction of heat in soil. Heat-related soil properties.
- •3. Thermal conductivity of soil.
- •4. Thermal regime of soil profiles &its control.
- •2. Principles of soil cover zoning in Ukraine.
- •3. Soil Zoning in the Mountain regions.
- •4. Fao nomenclature of soils.
- •2. Soddy Podzolic and Soddy Podzolic Gleyed soils.
- •3. Soddy soils.
- •4. Bog and Peat soils.
- •5. Practices of soil management in Ukrainian Polissya.
- •2. Grey Forest and Podzolized soils.
- •3.Chernozems of the Steppe Zone.
- •2. Dark chestnut and chestnut soils.
- •3. Salt-affected soils.
- •4. Practices of soil amendment and land use improvement in the arid steppe zone.
2. Soddy Podzolic and Soddy Podzolic Gleyed soils.
Soddy moderately podzolic soils are the most widespread in Polissya zone. They are mostly loamy sand in texture and were formed mostly in glacial outwash. The cultivated variant of a soddy moderately podzolic soil formed in layered fluvioglacial sands near the town of Seredyna-Buda (Sumy region) has the following morphological description of a profile:
HE 0-22 cm: humuso-eluvial plow layer, grey loamy sand; very slightly granulated, but mainly structure less; with ashy-grey spots of well leached sand and a very distinct transition to the underlying horizon determined by the depth of plowing.
E(h) 23-40 cm: elluvial horizon; dirty whitish in color, spotty, well leached from the particles of clay, rich in amorphous SiO2, sandy; single spots and streaks of a humusified material, with distinct transition to the next horizon.
I 40-100 cm: illuvial horizon, reddish-brown compacted layers of material rich in R2O3 5-15 cm thick alternate with the layers of whitish-yellow sand. Layers rich in R2O3 are sandy loams, the layers between them are sands. Prismatic structure.
Transition of the next horizon is evident from by the color of sandy layers, which become yellow.
PI 100-146 cm: ortzandic layer, transitive to the parent material, the layers of “ironous sand” become thinner and yellowish-brown in color; transition distinct by the last layer of “ironous sand”.
P146-190 cm: parent material, bright-yellow sand of fluvio-glacial origin.
The described soil belongs to the type of soddy-podzolic soils, subtype of the same name, ordinary or modal genus, moderately podzolic soil species and loamy sand soil series.
The soils like this are well suited for the cultivation of most Polissian field crops, as well as forage crops and flax. Lupin is a good perennial grass for them.
Gleyed genues of soddy podzolic soils occupy approximately a half of their total area. They are encountered on the lowland plains and on the terraces of the river valleys with high ground water table. The soil profile described below is from a pit dug near the town of Dymer (Kyiv region)
HE 0-20 cm: humuso-elluvial plow layer, grey, loamy sand, very slightly granulated but structureless, loose with abundant plant roots; very distinct transition to the next horizon.
Egl 20-35 cm: elluvial horizon, gleyish, whitish in color, sandy, platy, compacted; well washed from the clay particles; reduction features in the form of ironous spots, concretions (“beans”), dull-grey sots and streaks. Transition distinct.
Iegl 35-60 cm: illuvial horizon, rusty-brown with whitish spots of well leached sand; sandy-loam, blocky- platy, compacted with abundant iron-manganese concretions; transition clear.
I Gl 60-110 cm: illuvial horizon; severely gleyed, dull grey with brownish spots, abundant concretions (“beans”) and mottles, rich in amorphous SiO2. transition more or less clear.
P Gl 110-200 cm: parent material; gleyed loamy sand (glacial outwash), dull grey with bluish tint.
Such soils are used mostly as grasslands and pastures. Some areas are employed for vegetable crop production and for forage crop rotations. The soils are no good for orchards.