VI. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на значения модальных глаголов с инфинитивами.

1. They shouldn’t have sent such a young person to negotiate a contract in Japan.

2. You might have tried to show more cultural sensitivity.

3. He must have been satisfied with the results of negotiations.

4. More importantly, we should remember that each negotiator has a unique personality.

5. We must avoid making cultural generalizations that may affect the way we respond to other nationalities.

VII. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на значения выделенных слов.

1. Neither you nor your subordinates succeeded in carrying out the project. Either you change your approach to business or we’ll have to dismiss you.

2. American management styles is different from the one in Poland.

3. Both the manager and his PA took part in the conference.

Vш. Прочитайте текст и письменно переведите 1, 3, 4, и 5-й абзацы. Definition of Management

1. Management is the art or practice of managing a business, money, products, and all the people employed by a company. In other words, management is a set of activities directed at an organization’s human, financial, physical, and information resources, with the aim of achieving organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner. In this case, ‘efficient’ means ‘using resources wisely and without unnecessary waste’ while ‘effective’ means ‘doing the right things’.

2. Traditionally, the term management refers to the activities involved in the four general management functions listed below: Planning, including identifying goals, objectives, methods, resources needed to carry out methods, responsibilities and dates for completion of tasks. Examples of planning are strategic planning, business planning, project planning, staffing planning, advertising and promotions planning, etc.

3. Organizing, the second management function is the process of putting the plan into the action. This involves allocating resources, especially human resources, so that the overall objectives can be attained. Examples are organizing new departments, human resources, office and file systems, re-organizing, businesses, etc.

4. Third is the day-to-day direction and supervision of employees. Managers guide, teach, and motivate staff so that they reach their potential abilities and at the same time achieve the company goals that were established in the planning process. Effective leading by managers requires ongoing communication with employees. Examples are establishing strategic direction and championing methods of organizational performance management to pursue that direction.

5. Controlling is evaluating how well company objectives are being met. Managers monitor and correct ongoing activities. If major problems exist and goals are not being achieved, then changes need to be made in the company’s organizational or managerial structure. Examples include use of financial controls, policies and procedures, performance management processes, measures to avoid risks, etc.

6. In order to adequately and efficiently perform these management functions, managers need interpersonal, organizational, and technical skills. Although all four functions are managerial duties, the importance of each may vary depending on the situation. Effective managers meet the objectives of the company through a successful combination of planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling.

IX. Прочитайте текст ещё раз и письменно ответьте на вопрос:

What does planning mean? Explain it with your own words.