Text 4. British Mass Media The Press.

The British are great newspaper readers. Newspapers are the oldest of the mass media; they started in Britain at the end of the seventeenth century. The daily press in Britain is divided into two distinct groups: the quality press and the popular press. Quality papers are thick and serious and are intended for few well-informed readers. They are well-written, and speak about politics and current affairs. The most important quality papers are The Times, Britain's oldest newspaper, The Guardian, The Independent and The Telegraph. Popular papers have millions of readers. They address the lower classes; have fewer pages and shorted articles with big headlines and lots of illustrations. They speak about sports,

fashion, sex and crimes. They are also called "tabloids" (small size papers). The most im­portant popular papers are The Sun, Today, The Daily Mail and The Daily Mirror. Some papers come out only on Sundays and are known as Sunday papers. The most important are The Observer and The Sunday Times. These papers usually give information about na­tional and international events. They have special sections with reviews of books, plays, films, arts events, business and sports news. Many weekly, monthly and quarterly maga­zines are also published in Great Britain; they cover many different interests, activities and hobbies such as astrology, finance, computer science, sports and so on.

Radio and Television. The BBC, i.e. the British Broadcasting Corporation has provided television and radio broadcasting services since 1927. After the war, in 1954, a commercial television com­pany was set up: the Independent Television Authority (ITA or Simply ITV, i.e. Independ­ent Television). There are four nationwide radio stations operated by the BBC.

Radio 1 broadcasts pop music and programmes aimed at a young audience.

Radio 2 broadcasts light listening programmes for all age groups, it is especially aimed at housewives and workers.

Radio 3 broadcasts almost only classical music.

Radio 4 broadcasts news, current affairs, discussions, dramas, serials and quiz pro­grammes.

At present there are four television channels in Britain; two belong to the BBC and are BBC 1, which broadcasts a wide range of programmes, and BBC 2, with a heavy accent on educational programmes. The BBC channels have no advertising. The two Independent Television channels are ITV, broadcasting programmes with a popular appeal, and Chan­nel 4, a recent channel with artistic and cultural interests, which was established in 1980. Now there are several satellite channels specializing in films, sports, etc.

Ex.1. State whether these statements are TRUE (T) or FALSE (F) and give an ex­planation.

a) Quality papers are more difficult to read than popular papers.

b) Popular papers are thicker than qual­ity papers.

c) Another name for quality papers is tabloids.

153. d)The Observer comes out only once a week.

e) If you want to know the latest news about theatres, read a Sunday paper.

f) There are no commercials on BBC.

Ex. 2. Look:

weekly = once a week.

monthly = once a month.

quarterly = four times a year (or once every three months).

Now make the sentences like this: e.g. John / play / football / Monday, Wednes­day and Friday.

John plays football three times a week.

a) The Observer / come out / Sunday

b) Vogue / be published / every month.

c) The Sports News / broadcast / 8am, 12pm, 7pm.

d) Fame / be shown / every day

e) I / watch TV / from 8pm to 10pm every evening.

f) My favourite sports magazine / be on sale / March, June, September and December.

Ex. 3. Look at the programmes and then an­swer the following.

a) How many hours a day does BBC1 broadcast?

b) Which channel starts broadcasting first in the morning?

c) Do any of the channels continue 24 hours a day? If so which one?

d) Which channel would you watch more?

e) Are there any films on TV today? If so, which?

f) Can you find any programmes that are broadcast in your country, too? List them.

g) Which channel gives the longest news? At what time?

154. h) Which programme would someone who loves cooking watch?

155. i) Which programme would an animal lover watch?

156. j) What kind of person would stay up to watch TV in the middle of the night?

6.0 Pages from Ceefax. 6.30 Breakfast news. 8.50Daytime U.K 9.0 News 9.5 Brainwave: Quiz. 9.25 Dish of the Day. 9.30People Today 10.0 News 10.5 Children’s BBC 10.35 People Today 12.0 News 1.30 Neighbours. 1.50 Film: The Next One 3.35Betty Boop Triple Bill: cartoons 3.50 Children’s BBC 5.35 Neighbours. 6.30 Look East. 7.0 Children in Need 9.0 News 9.30 Children in Need 11.35 Regional Children in Need 1.55 Grand Total 2.0 Weather 2.5 Close

8.0 News 9.0 Daytime on Two 2.0 News 2.15 Sport on Friday 3.50 News 4.0 Catchword 4.30 Behind the Headlines 5.0 Food and Drink. 5.30 Film: Al- varez Kelly. 7.15 Cricket: First Test. 7.45 What the Papers Say. 8.0 Public Eye 8.30 The Travel Show Guides. 9.0 Monty Python’s Flying Circus. 9.30 Pears on a Willow Tree. 10.30 Newsnight 11.20 New West 11.50 Behind the headlines. 12.25 Close

6.0 The Art of Landscape 6.20 Business Daily. 9.25 Schools. 12.25 Business Daily. Sesame Street Pet World 2.30 Film: If Winter Comes 4.15 Kaleidoscope. Cartoon. 5.30 American Football. 6.00 Happy Days. 6.30 Tonight with Jonathan Ross. 7.0 News 8.0 Brookside 8.30 Hard News 9.0 Drop the Dead Donkey. 9.30 Views of Kew. 10.0 The Golden Girls. 10.30 This is David Harper. 11.0 The World. Film: Stranger from Venus. 2.25 Close

6.0 TV-am 9.25 Keynotes 9.55 Anglia News 10.0 The Time… The Place. 10.40 This Morning. 12.25 Home and Away. 12.55 Anglia News 1.20 You Can Cook. 1.50 A country practice. 2.20 The Champions 2.50 Talkabout. 3.20 Anglia News 3.25 The Youhg Doctors. 3.55 Children’s ITV: Paddington Bear. 5.40 News 6.0 Home and Away. 7.0 Family Fortunes. ! 7.30 Coronation Street. 8.0 Murder, She Wrote. 9.0 Coasting. 10.0 News 11.40 Pool 2.5 William Tell. 3.30 America’s Top Ten. 5.0 Morning News

Text 5. Youth Organizations

Youth and youth movement are important factors in the social and political life of Great Britain . Among the many youth organizations uniting young people the following are the most popular .

The Combined Cadet Force trains boys at schools for service in the armed forces. All schools have an Army section and must have a Royal Navy ( R.N. ) or Royal Air Force ( RAF ) section. Cadets wear military uniform.

The Junior Red Cross Section is an integral part of the British Red Cross Society. Boys and girls from 5 to 17 can be members in Links in schools. Cadets who are organized in out-of-school groups (11-17) wear uniform. The summer special camps are held in order to give holidays to physically handicapped children, and juniors play an active part in this activity.

The National Federation of Young Farmers’ Clubs was formed in 1928. Clubs are open for all young people between the ages of 10 and 25, interested in farming and the countryside.

The Woodcraft Folk organization for children was founded in 1925. Very often whole families, parents and children belong to this association. Its aim is to bring up children in the spirit of peace and friendship on the principles of progress and humanity.

The motto of the Woodcraft Folk is “Span the World with Friendship”. They organize summer tent camps. There they study nature, history, archeology, and ecology. They organize dance and song festivals or sports competitions.

The Young Men’s Christian Association develops high standards of Christian character in group activity and citizenship training. Its programmes include physical and spiritual education, public affairs and citizenship activities.

The Young Women’s Christian Association originated in 1855 when Lady Kinnaird in London opened a home for nurses returning from the Crimean War . The aim of the Association is to advance the physical, social, intellectual, moral and spiritual aspects of young women.

The Welsh League of Youth was founded in 1922. Its object is to promote Christian Welsh citizenship among the youths of Wales. Boys and girls under 14 belong to Junior Clubs, and from 14 to 25 to Youth Clubs.

Boy Scouts is an organization that teaches young people to be good citizens and trains them to become leaders. More than 24 million young people and scout leaders belong to Scouting units in more than 130 countries.

Scouts are taught to do their duty to god, to their country, and to other people. Their motto is “Be Prepared”, and learning by doing is the method used to teach them. The World Scout emblem is a Lily.

Scouts practice citizenship by electing their own youth leaders and by learning to work together. Boy scouts work and play outdoors; they acquire skills in camping, first aid, outdoor cooking, swimming and woodcraft.

Robert Baden Powel /1857-1941/ of Britain started the Boy Scout movement in 1907, when he organized a camp for 20 boys. In 1908 Baden-Powell published the first Boy Scout Manual. In 1910 together with his sister Agnes he organized the Girl Guides.

The Scouting Program has three levels: Cub Scouting, Boy Scouting, and Exploring. Any boy from 6 to 20 years of age may become a member. Girls from 14 to 20 years may join the Explorers. Each member pays a registration fee. A boy who has no group near him may become a Lone Cub Scout or Boy Scout by writing to the National Office. Boys with disabilities can take part in Boy Scout Programs according to their capabilities.

Cub Scouting .

Bobcat is the first rank in Cub Scouting. To earn this rank and to wear the blue and gold Cub Scout uniform, a boy must first learn the Cub Scout sign, salute, motto, and Promise, and know the Law of the Pack. The Cub Scout motto is “Do Your Best”.

The Cub Scout Promise is : “I / name/ promise to do my best to do my duty to God and my country, to help other people and to obey the law of the Pack”.

Wolf , Bear and Webelos are the next highest ranks of Cub Scouts .

Boy Scouting . Any boy at 11-18 may be a Boy Scout. He must learn and promise to follow the Scout oath and the Scout Law. The Boy Scout promise is: “On my honour, I will do my best: to do my duty to God and my community, and to obey the Scout Law; to help other people at all times; to keep myself physically strong, mentally awake and morally straight”.

The Scout Law has 12 points. It states that a Scout is trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean and reverent. Scouts form patrols of 5 to 8 boys. 4 groups of patrols form a troop, led by an adult Scoutmaster.

Tenderfoot is the first rank in Boy Scouting. A Tenderfoot must have spent one night on camp-out. He must have learned the technique how to stop people from choking. He must have identified the poisonous plants.

Second Class Scout must know how to use a map and compass. He must understand more first aid. He must be able to prepare a cooking fire and cook meal.

First Class Scout is the third rank of Boy Scouting. FCS must find direction without a compass. They must have served as their patrol’s cook on a camp-out . FCS must understand the first aid procedure used to revive a person and pass a more advanced swimming test.

Star Scout must have earned 6 merit badges in communication, emergency, preparedness, environmental science, physical fitness and swimming .

Life Scout must have earned eleven merit badges .

Eagle Scout must have earned twenty-one merit badges .

A Scout may be given a Heroism Award and an Honour Medal for saving another person’s life at the risk of his own.

Service activities .

The Scout Slogan is “Do a Good Turn Daily”. Scouts learn to respect and care for other people. Each scout must participate in service projects. Scouts work together to help their community. They may collect food for needy families. Scouts have helped during emergencies.

Boys and girls may become Explorers if they are 14.5 or more. Explorers in the community may form an Explorer post. An adult leader supervises the post and serves as an advisor. Each Explorer post centres the activities on a particular hobby interest: aviation, computers, law or oceanography. Many posts take part in outdoor activities. Post Programs give Explorer a chance to investigate future careers.

Jamborees / Meetings / are among the most important events in scouting. During a Nation Jamboree Scouts from all areas of the country spend 10 days camping together.

During World Jamboree, held every four years, scouts from all parts of the world meet one another. The Boy Scouting held the first World Jamboree in Britain in 1920, when 301 Scouts from 32 countries camped together. Today there are 16,000,000 Scouts in 150 countries of the world.

The Girl Guides Association was formed in 1910 by Baden-Powel soon after he started the Boy Scouts movement. The programme of training is planned to develop intelligence and practical skills. The Association includes three age groups: Brownies /7,5-11/ , Guides / 11-16 / , Land , Sea and Air Rangers .

Ex. 1. Read the sentences, put in the necessary words:

1. The Combined…………..Force trains boys at schools for service in the armed forces .

2.The Junior Red ……………………..Section is for boys and girls from 5 to 17 .

3.The National Federation of Young………….’ Clubs are for the interested in farming .

4.The Woodcraft Folk’s aim is to bring up children in the spirit of………and friendship .

5.The motto of the Woodcraft Folk is “Span the World with…………………….”.

6.There they study nature , history , archeology , and ………………………………...

7.They organize dances and songs ………………………….or sports competitions .

8.The Young Men’s ……….Association develops high standards of Christian character .

9.The Young Women’s Christian………………………………… originated in 1855 .

10.It was opened as a home for nurses returning from the……………………. War .

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(association, Crimean, friendship, Christian, peace, festivals, farmers, ecology, Cross, cadet)

Ex.2. Scan for details

1. Scouting teaches young people to be a) good citizens; b) leaders; c) specialists .

2. Scouts are taught to do their duty to a) God; b) their country; c)other people .

158. 3. Their motto is a)”Be Prepared”; b) “Do All Things Well”; c)”Be ready”.

4. Learning by a)playing ; b)doing ; c) teaching is the method to teach Scouts .

5. The World Scout emblem is a a) Rose ; b) Tulip ; c) Lily .

6. Scouts acquire skills in a) camping ; b) first aid ; c)outdoor cooking .

7. The Scouting Program has three levels a)Cubs ; b)Boys ; c)Explorers ; d)Scout masters.

8. Cub Scouting includes the ranks of a)Bobcat ; b)Wolf ; c)Bear ; d)Lions .

9. Boy Scouting has the ranks of a)Tigers ; b)Tenderfoot ; c)Star , Life and Eagle Scouts .

10.Boys and girls may become Explorers if they are a)14,5 ; b)13 ; c)12,5

Ex.3. Fill in the gaps .

1. The Scout Law h-- 12 points .

2. It states that a Scout is trustw-----, loy--, helpf---, friend--, courte---, kind, obedi--- , cheerf--, thrift-, brave, clean and revere-- .

3. Scouts form patrol- of 5 to 8 boys .

4. 4 groups of patrols from a troop , I-d by an adult Scoutmaster .

5. Tenderf—t is the first rank in Boy Scouting .

6 .A Tenderfoot must have spen- one night on camp-out .

7. He must have learn-- the technique how to stop people from choking .

8. He must have identifi-- the poisonous plants .

Ex.4. Check yourself if you can be a First Class Scout . Tick what you have already done.

Second Class Scout must know how to use a map and compass .

He must understand more first aid .

He must be able to prepare a cooking fire and cook meal.

First Class Scout must find direction without a compass .

must have served as their patrol’s cook on a camp-out.

must know the first aid procedure to revive a person .

must pass a more advanced swimming test .

Star Scout must have earned 6 merit badges .

Life Scout must have earned eleven merit badges .

Eagle Scout must have earned twenty-one merit badges .

Text 6. Holidays and Celebrations

There are six public holidays in Great Britain. They are:

Christmas Day, observed on December 25, Boxing Day, on December 26, Good Friday, observed before Easter Sunday, after a full moon on or after March 21^st, Easter Monday, observed next day after Easter Sunday, Spring Bank Holiday on the last Monday of June or on the first Monday of July, Late Summer Bank Holiday on the last Monday of August or on the first Monday in September. In Scotland, the New Year's Day is also a public holiday. Besides public holidays other festivals and traditions are observed.

New year in England. In England the New Year is not as widely observed as Christmas. Some people ignore it. Many others do celebrate the New Year. The most common type of celebration is a New Year party. It begins at 8 pm and goes on until morning. There is a buffet supper of cold meat, pies, sandwiches, cakes and biscuits. At midnight everyone can hear the chimes of Big Ben and drink a toast to the New Year. Then the party goes on.

Another way of celebrating is to go to a New Year's dance. Dance halls are decorated and there are several bands playing merry music.

The most famous celebration is in London round the statue in Piccadilly Circus where crowds welcome the New Year. In Trafalgar Square someone usually falls into the fountain.

Some people watch others celebrating on television. There are no traditional English New Year festivities, and television producers show Scottish ones.

Some people send New Year cards and give presents and make "New Year resolutions".

On New Year's Day the "New Year Honours List " is published in the newspapers of those who are to be given knighthoods, etc.

New year in Scotland. New Year's Eve in Scotland is called Hogmanay. It is time for merrymaking and giving of presents. There is the Flamebeaux procession of town folk in fancy dress. They throw the flamebeaux /torches/ into a pile and dance around the blaze.

In Scotland the old custom of First-Footing is still observed. The first person to enter a house on New Year's Day should be a dark-haired /or fair-haired/ man. He should bring a piece of coal, a fish and a piece of bread.

Brass and silver must be glittering and fresh linen must be put on the beds. All work must be finished, all bills must be paid and the letters written. There must be plum puddings, apples and lemons, tangerines and toffee. The traditional gathering place is the Mercat Cross. Towards midnight crowd awaits "the Chapplin o’ the Twal" - the striking of 12 o'clock.

St. Valentine’s Day. Saint Valentine’s Day is observed on February 14. The first Valentine of all was a bishop, who before he was put to death by the Romans sent a note of

friendship to his jailer's blind daughter. Roman soldiers had no right to get married. Valentine wed them secretly and for this he was sentenced. February 14 is the date of an old pagan festival when Roman maidens put love letters into an urn to be drawn out by their boy friends.

It is the day when people exchange greetings of affection with a Valentine card.

"I'll be your sweetheart, if you will be mine,

All of my life I'll be your Valentine ".

" The rose is red; the violets are blue,

The honey's sweet and so are you."

Comic valentines are also traditional. "Here's the key to my heart, Valentine!" ... "use it before I change the lock”.

Mother’s Day. Mother's Day is observed in March on the fourth Sunday in Lent. The day known as Mothering Sunday dates from the time when many girls worked as domestic servants away from home. On Mothering Sunday they could go home to see their mother and give her a present from the houselady. This custom remained and is called "Mother's Day". People visit their mothers, give them flowers and presents or send them "Mother's Day" cards. It is mother's day off.

Easter. In England Easter is a time for giving and receiving presents /Easter eggs/, for the Easter Bonnet Parade and hot cross buns. Nowadays Easter eggs are made of chocolate but painting egg-shells is still popular in some country districts. Emblems of Easter are also fluffy chicks, baby rabbits, daffodils, catkins, and lily. They signify the Nature's reawakening.

London greets the spring with Easter Parade on Easter Sunday. The parade begins at 3 p.m. It consists of many decorated floats bearing the Easter Princess and her attendants. The finest bands take part in the parade.

St.Patrick’s Day. Northern Ireland observes St. Patrick's Day on March 17.

April Fool’s Day. April Fool's Day is named from the custom of playing practical jokes. It is related to the vernal equinox, when nature fools mankind with sudden changes. It is a season when all people are given an excuse to play the fool. In April comes the cuckoo, emblem of simpletons. In Scotland the victim of a joke is called "cuckoo" or "gowk"[gauk]: "On the first day of Aprile, Hunt the gowk another mile".

May Day. The 1^st of May was a pagan spring festival. It was celebrated with garlands and flowers, dancing and games. A Maypole wreathed with flowers was erected. The girls put on their best summer frocks, and plaited flowers in their hair awaiting the crowning of the May Queen. The most beautiful girl was crowned with a garland of flowers. After this there was dancing. The dancers dressed in fancy costumes represented characters in the Robin Hood legend. Games were followed by refreshments in the open.

The Queen of May is still chosen in most counties. In many villages Maypoles are erected around which the children dance. At Oxford at 6 a.m. the college choir gathers to greet the coming of the new day with song.

London May Queen Festival. London May Queen Festival has been held since 1880. Visitors from many parts of the world gather in Kent to witness the Crowning of London's May Queen. Over a thousand children take part. Forty May Queens from different parts of the country are present. Their dresses are beautifully made. The actual crowning takes place at 3 p.m.

Whitsun. There are no special customs associated with Whitsun, the seventh Sunday after Easter Sunday. The Morris men can be seen at Whitsun. The Morris is a rustic merry-making introduced by Eleanor of Castile, wife of Edward I (1272-1307). The dances are performed by

sets of dancers accompanied by tradiftional the Man-Woman, Hobby Horse and the Fool. Basic dress is a white shirt and trousers tied at the knee, ribbons, and handkerchiefs.

On Whit Monday large crowds gather at Cooper's Hill in Gloucestershire, to watch the

cheese-chasing contest at 6 p.m. The huge cheese is set on the top of the hill. The starter gives the signal and the cheese is set rolling down the hillside. After the cheese the contestants chase. The first person to retrieve the cheese keeps it. There are prizes for the runners-up to.

Queen's birthday as a National holiday is celebrated in June.

Scotland observes the spring bank holiday in mid-May; the summer bank holiday in mid-Au­gust. Northern Ireland celebrates the commemoration of the Battle of the Boyne on July 12.

Late Summer Bank Holiday. On Bank Holiday the town folk usually flock into the country and to the coast. They take a picnic-lunch and enjoy their meal in the open. Seaside towns near London are invaded by thousands of holiday-makers.

Bank holidays is also an occasion for big sports meeting. There are large fairs, a Punch and Judy show, and bingo. Many Londoners will visit Whipsnade Zoo. There is also much boat activity on the Thames and other rivers.

Bonfire Night. Guy Fawkes (1570-1606) was one of the English conspirators who tried to destroy Parliament and King James I as a protest against anti-Papist measures. They dug a tunnel where they stored 36 barrels of gunpowder. On October 26, one of the conspirators warned Lord Monteagle about conspiracy. On Novem­ber 5 the gunpowder was found, together with Guy Fawkes. He revealed the names of the conspirators. Fawkes was hanged.

The Plot is still commemorated by an official ceremonial search before the opening of Parliament, burning of Fawkes's effigy and the explosion of fireworks every November 5.

Guy Fawkes Night is one of the most popular festivals in Great Britain. There is extremely well-organized celebration at Winchester. People prepare elaborate guys, for which prizes are awarded. The guy awarded the first prize is the first to be cast upon huge bonfire. The thousands of onlookers sing:

"Remember, remember

The Fifth of November.

Gunpowder, treason and plot,

For I see no reason

Why gunpowder treason

Should ever be forgot."

Very young children should be kept indoors. Some can be frightened by fireworks. The nasty accidents usually happen on November 5.

Remembrance Day. Remembrance Day (Poppy Day) on the Sunday before November 11 is observed in commemora­tion of British warriors who fell during the two World Wars. On that day special services are held in the churches. Wreaths are laid at war memorials throughout the country.

At London's Cenotaph people observe two-minute silence and perform the Remembrance Day ceremony. The silence begins at the first stroke of Big Ben booming 11 o'clock. The members of the Royal family and political leaders lay wreath at the foot of the Genotaph.

Then comes the march past the memorial of ex-servicemen and women, followed by ordinary citi­zens. On that day artificial poppies, a symbol of mourning, are traditional sold in the streets everywhere. The money is later used to help the men who had been crippled during the war.

Christmas Celebrations. Christmas Day is observed on December 25. In Britain this day was a festival long before the con­version to Christianity. On that day people began the year and it was called "modranecht" - mother's night. Many Christmas customs go back to pagan times. In 1644 the English puritans forbade the keeping of Christmas by Act of Parliament. At the restoration Charles II revived the feast in 1660.

On Christmas Eve everything is rush. Offices close at one o'clock, but the shops stay open late. London and big cities are decorated with coloured lights. In the homes there is a great air of expectation. The children are decorating the Christmas tree with baubles and coloured lights. The house is decorated with holly and mistletoe under which the boys kiss the girls. Christmas cards are hung round the walls.

The housewife is busy in the kitchen. The Christmas bird, usually a turkey, is being prepared. The pudding is inspected and the cake is iced.

In villages carol-singers come and sing Christmas carols. They expect a Christmas box for their musical efforts. The money collected is then donated to some deserving cause.

In Trafalgar Square stands an enormous Christmas tree. It is a gift from the people of Oslo for help during the war. The tree is over 15 feet high. It is brightly decorated. This sparkling tree seems to catch the Spirit of Christmas.

Boxing Day. Boxing Day is observed on December 26. It is a legal holiday in England, Wales, Northern Ire­land, New Zealand, Australia and South Africa. Scotland observes Boxing Day on January 12. Christmas boxes (tips) are traditionally given to dustmen and a few other public servants.

This is the day when one visits friends. Tradition demands a visit to the pantomime to watch the story of Cinderella, Dick Whittington or whatever it may be. There are pantomimes on ice, with a well-known pop singers or pantomimes with a famous comedian. In the country there are usually Boxing Day Meets for fox-hunting.

Ex.1. Read the sentences, put in the necessary words:

1.The most common type of celebration of a New Year is a New Year…………...

159. 2. Another way of celebrating is to go to a New Year’s ………………….

3.The most famous celebration is in London round the statue in ……….. Circus .

160. 4.Some people watch others celebrating New Year on ………….. .

5.There are no traditional English New Year………….., only Scottish ones.

6.New Year's Eve in Scotland is called ………… .

7There is the Flamebeaux…………..of town folk in fancy dress.

8.They throw the flamebeaux /…………/into a pile and dance around the blaze.

9.In Scotland the old custom …………is still observed.

10.The first …………….of all was a bishop.

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First-Footing, torches, party,festivities, Piccadilly, procession, television, Valentine, Hogmanay, dance.

Ex. 2. Put questions to the following answers.

1. February 14 is the date of an old pagan festival.

……………………………………………………………………………………

161. 2.Roman maidens put love letters into an urn to be drawn out by their boy friends.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

3.Mother's Day is observed in March on the fourth Sunday in Lent.

……………………………………………………………………………………

4.London greets the spring with Easter Parade on Easter Sunday.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

5. April Fool's Day is named from the custom of playing practical jokes.

……………………………………………………………………………………

6.The Queen of May is still chosen in most counties.

……………………………………………………………………………………

7.The Morris merry-making men can be seen at Whitsun.

……………………………………………………………………………………

8.On Bank Holiday the town folk usually flock into the country and to the coast.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

Ex. 3. Fill in the gaps, translate and act as an interpreter.

1. Guy Fawkes Night, on November 5, is one of the most popular f…… in Great Britain.

2. Remembrance Day on Sunday before November 11 is observed in commemoration of British w……………… who fell during the two World Wars.

3. Christmas Day is o ………………..on December 25.

4. In 1644 the English puritans f………the keeping of Christmas by Act of Parliament.

5. At the restoration Charles II re ………………….the feast in 1660.

6. B……………Day is observed on December 26.

7. Christmas boxes (tips) are traditionally given to public s……………….

Text 7. Traditional British Food

Even if Britain has a very bad reputation for food, there are some dishes which are really good: meat pies, roast beef and Yorkshire pudding, Cornish pasties and cheeses are excel­lent. Welsh lamb has a world-wide reputation and Scotland is well-known for its haggis, made of sheep's liver, oatmeal and suet..

British meals. Traditionally English people have three meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner. Break­fast is served in the morning; it used to be a very large meal with cereal, eggs, bacon, sau­sages, mushrooms and tomatoes. Such a large breakfast takes a long time to prepare and it is not very healthy. Today, Britain's most popular breakfast consists of a lighter meal of cereal and toast and marmalade, fruit juice and yoghurt with a cup of coffee or tea. Lunch is a light meal. Most people have no time to go back home for lunch; children eat at school, workers in the factory canteen, in self-service cafes, called cafeterias, in pubs or in fast-food restaurants. In summer when the sun is shining, a lot of people like to go out and eat their lunch in the open air. The main meal is dinner, which is usually eaten between 6 and 7p.m. A typical evening meal is a meat dish with vegetables and dessert. Fruit juice or wa­ter is drunk and coffee or tea is served at the end of the meal. The most important meal of the week is the Sunday dinner, which is usually eaten at 1p.m. The traditional Sunday dish used to be roast beef, but nowadays it is expensive, so pork, chicken or lamb are more common. On Sunday evenings people have supper or high tea. The famous British after­noon tea, served with cakes and small sandwiches is becoming rare, except at weekends.

Pubs. The pub or "public house" belongs to the British tradition. It is a place where you can meet people chat, listen to music, play darts and of course have a drink. The most common drink served in a pub is beer (ale, bitter, stout or lager), but you can also have wine, cock­tails, spirits and soft drinks. If you are hungry you can order food. Most pubs serve very good food and the variety is very wide. Children under 14 are excluded from the "bars," i.e. where alcoholic drinks are sold, but they are allowed where food is served or in the pub garden. Teenagers between the ages of 14 and 81 are allowed in pubs but cannot drink alcoholic beverages.

Ex. 1. Answer the following questions:

a) Why do the British prefer to have a lighter breakfast these days?

162. b) Where do children and working people have lunch?

163. c) Do the British drink wine with their meals?

164. d) What are the rules for going into a pub?

165. e) Give for different names for beer.

Ex. 2. Write a dialogue between two young persons in a pub. Include the following words:

Drink, bitter, pint, hungry, barman, how much, charge, age, garden.

Ex. 3. Read the following British recipe.

Apple Crumble

Ingredients: ½ kg.apples, walnuts, raisins, 2-3 cloves, 200 gr. flour, 150 gr. butter/ margarine, 100 gr. sugar.

Method: Place the flour in a bowl and add the butter in small pieces. Rub the butter gently into the flour. Add the sugar and continue to rub until the mixture forms very small lumps, like breadcrumbs. Peel and slice the apples and place in a greased oven-proof dish with chopped nuts, raisins and cloves to flour. Sprinkle the flour mixture evenly over the top without pressing down too much. Bake in a moderate oven for 30-40 minutes. Serve hot or cold with cream or custard.

166. Ex. 4. Find the words in the recipe which mean the following:

mix together with fingers -

cut into small bits –

resistant to heat –

put on the top –

flattering –

cook in the oven –

sweet sauce made with eggs and milk –

167. Ex. 5. Now write your own favourite recipe (remember to use the imperative form).