4. The subjunctive mood (сослагательное наклонение)

Сослагательное наклонение показывает, что действие, выраженное глаголом, является не реальным фактом, а лишь желанием, предположением, предложением, требованием, сомнением или условием, осуществление которых сомнительно, невозможно (нереально) или предположительно. В русском языке для выражения сослагательного наклонения употребляется форма глагола в прошедшем времени в сочетании с частицей «бы». Условные предложения (conditional sentences) в английском языке образуются именно с использованием этого типа наклонения. Существует несколько типов условных предложений: Present Real, Present Unreal и Past Real. Во всех условных предложениях обязательно будут присутствовать такие союзы, как «если» — if, «когда» — when, «как только» — as soon as, «до того как» — before, «до» — till, untill, «после» — after или другие.

4.1. Present Real (If – will)

Первый тип условных предложений в английском языке относится к будущему времени. В главном предложении употребляется простое будущее время (Future Simple), в придаточном предложении после традиционных союзов if, when, as soon as, until и др. – простое или длительное настоящее время (Present Simple / Present Continuous). Переводить его мы все равно будем будущим временем.

If I have more time, I will come over. – Если у меня будет время, я зайду.

If it is not raining, we will go for a walk. – Если не будет дождя, мы пойдём на прогулку.

Упражнение 1

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. I will go to the theatre if I buy tickets.

2. If she doesn't come in time they'll be late for the concert.

3. If I get tickets for the evening performance in advance I'll ring you up.

4. He will write a letter today if he has free time.

5. Will you call me up if you come back early?

6. If you don't tell me the truth I will never speak to you.

7. If you go to bed immediately we'll take you to the cinema tomorrow.

8. If they take a taxi they won't miss the train.

9. If you lend him the book he'll read quickly.

10. The child will catch cold if he stays longer in the wind.

11. I'll finish the work in time if you stop interrupting me.

12. If I get money I'll buy this match.

13. If you don't buy leave me at once I'll start crying.

Упражнение 2

Перепишите следующие предложения в форме Present Real

Образец: Come home in time or else Mother will be angry with you. – If you don't come home in time, Mother will be angry with you.

1. Listen to the teacher attentively or else you won't understand anything.

2. Work at the language laboratory or else you won't improve your intonation.

3. Do your homework properly or else the teacher won't be pleased with you.

4. Read these books or else you won't be able to prepare a good report.

5. Speak English everyday or else you won't master it.

6. Help her with English or else she won't pass her exam.

7. Do your best or else you won't catch up with the group.

8. Explain the rule to him or else he'll make more mistakes.

9. Put down your homework or else you won't remember it.

10. Lend her some money or else she won't buy this dictionary.

4.2. Present Unreal (If – would)

Второй тип условных предложений в английском языке выражает маловероятное условие, которое может относиться как к настоящему, так и к будущему времени. В придаточном предложении употребляется глагол в форме простого или длительного прошедшего времени (Past Simple / Past Continuous), а в главном – сложная форма сослагательного наклонения из глаголов should / would / could / might и простого инфинитива глагола без to. Если же в придаточном предложении мы имеем глагол to be, то его формой сослагательного наклонения будет were для всех лиц. При переводе на русский язык обязательно используется частица «бы».

If I were you, I would do it myself. – Если бы я был на твоём месте, я бы сделал это сам.

If I had this book, I would give it to you. – Если бы у меня была эта книга, я бы тебе её дал.

Упражнение 1

Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильную форму второго типа условных предложений (Present Unreal)

1.  If she____of the article now I___it to the newspaper (approve, send).

2.  If he___they___the letter in the newspaper (want, publish).

3.  If the work ___twice as difficult, I___to do it (be, refused).

4.  If we___him to go on with the experiment, we never___any peace (allow, have).

5.  If it___summer we___for a run in the country (be, go).

6.  If he___himself my answer___the same (come, be).

7.  If our talk___my brother who is working in the next room, I___you so myself (disturb, tell).

8.  If my friend___to me that way I___offended (speak, feel).

9.  If you___in my place,tell me, what ___you___(be, do)?

10. She___our excursion even if you___her, she is ill (not join, invite).

11. If he___ordinary the girl___him (be, not love).

12. If it___oftener it___good for the garden (rain, be).

4.3. Past Unreal (If – would have)

Третий тип условных предложений в английском языке относится к нереальным действиям. В этих предложениях нереальное условие относится к прошедшему времени, а значит, выполнению не подлежит никоим образом. В придаточном предложении глагол ставится в форму прошедшего совершенного времени (Past Perfect), в главном - would /could / might с перфектным инфинитивом без to. При переводе на русский язык обязательно используется частица «бы».

If I had known about it, I would have helped you. – Если бы я знал об этом, я бы тебе помог. (Это предложение относится к прошедшему времени: я уже не знал и уже не помог)

If she hadn’t fallen down the stairs, she wouldn’t have broken her arm. – Если бы она не упала с лестницы, она бы не сломала руку. (Она уже упала и уже сломала руку)

Упражнение 1

Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление третьего типа условных предложений (Past Unreal).

1.  She wouldn't have come if she hadn't been invited.

2. We would not have lost our way if the night had not been so dark.

3. They would have sent us some information if there had been anything to send.

4. You'd have found your fountain-pen if you had looked for it better.

5. I would have recognized him at once if it hadn't been so dark in the room.

6. The accident wouldn't have happened if the driver had observed the traffic rules.

7. She would have made toasts for them if something hadn't gone wrong with the gas-stove.

8. If no one had come they would have postponed the meeting.

Упражнение 2

Измените следующие предложения на Past Unreal, используя слова в скобках. Образец: You wouldn't say so if you only saw her. (then) – You wouldn't have said so if you only had seen her then.

1.  If I had money I would go to Moscow to see its sights. (last winter)

2.  If he were here he would tell us what to do. (the day before)

3.  If we stayed a little longer we'd meet him. (yesterday)

4.  If you worked regularly you'd get better marks. (last term)

5.  If they had a car they would go to the South. (last summer)

6.  She would come if it didn't rain. (yesterday night)

7.  He would invite me to the theatre if he had an extra ticket. (last Sunday)

8.  I'd be disappointed if you didn't come. (on that day)

9.  If he knew the facts, he would help us. (last night)

4.4. Wish – clauses

В отдельную группу условных предложений в английском языке выносят предложения с глаголом to wish, который в данном случае будет переводиться на русский язык как «жаль, что не» или «хорошо бы». В этих условных предложениях используются следующие формы:

1. если действие в придаточном предложении происходит одновременно с действием, выраженном в главном предложении, мы используем в придаточном предложении форму глагола простого прошедшего времени (Past Simple). Глагол to be, как и во втором типе условных предложений, здесь имеет форму множественного числа (were) для всех лиц:

I wish she were next to me. – Жаль, что она сейчас не со мной.

I wish I could call her. – Жаль, что я не могу ей позвонить.

2. если действие придаточного предложения предшествует действию в главном предложении, то мы употребляем глагол в форме совершенного прошедшего времени (Past Perfect):

I wish I hadn’t seen this yesterday. – Хорошо бы я не видел этого вчера.

I wish I had warned him. – Жаль, что я не предупредил его.

Упражнение 1 Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в соответствующей форме сослагательного наклонения после "I wish”, и переведите предложения. 1. The unfortunate pupil wishes he (not to forget) to learn the rule. 2. I wish I (to have) a season ticket to the Philharmonic next winter. 3. I wish I (to consult) the teacher when I first felt that mathematics was too difficult for me. 4. I love sunny weather. I wish it (to be) warm and fine all the year round. 5. I wish I (not to lend) Nick my watch: he has broken it. 6. I wish you (to send) word as soon as you arrive. 7. I wish I (not to have) to do my homework every day. 8. I wish you (to go) skiing with me yesterday: I had such a good time! 9. I wish I (to know) Spanish. 10. I wish I (not to drink) so much coffee in the evening: I could not sleep half the night.

Упражнение 2

Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя "I wish".

Образец: It's a pity you are ill. – I wish you were not ill.

1. It's a pity you are not with us these days.

2. My friend regrets not having entered the uni­versity.

3. He was sorry not to have had enough time to finish his test-paper.

4. It's a pity we shan't be able to reach home before tea-time.

5. I am sor­ry I made you upset by telling you this news.

6. What a pity you don't know enough physics.

7. Unfortunately they won't return before Christ­mas.

8. The student was sorry he had not studied the material better and had shown such poor knowl­edge at the examination.

9. It's a pity that you did not send for us last night.

REVISION

Упражнение 1

Раскрывая скобки, напишите каждое предложение три раза, образуя условные предложения I, II и III типов.

Образец: If you (to be) free, I (to come) to see you. – If you are free, I will come to see you (I).

If you were free, I would come to see you (II). If you had been free, I would have come to see you (III).

1. If my friend (to come) to see me, I (to be) very glad.

2. If mother (to buy) a cake, we (to have) a very nice tea party.

3. If we (to receive) a telegram from him, we (not to worry).

4. If you (not to work) systematically, you (to fail) the examination.

5. If you (to be) busy, I (to leave) you alone.

6. If I (to live) in Moscow, I (to visit) the Tretyakov Gallery every year.

7. If I (to get) a ticket, I (to go) to the Philharmonic.

8. If I (to live) near a wood, I (to gather) a lot of mushrooms.

9. If my father (to return) early, we (to watch) TV together.

10. If she (to know) English, she (to try) to enter the university.

Упражнение 2 Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму 1. All the trains (stop) … if it snowed heavily. 2. If you (go out) … in cold weather without a coat, you would catch a cold. 3. If I saw a cheap second- hand car, I (buy) … it. 4. If you ate well and exercised regularly, you (live) … 100 years. 5. You would have had stomach ache if you (eat) … too much of that cake. 6. If it (rain) … this afternoon, I (take)… my umbrella. 7. If you did not drive carefully, you (have) … an accident. 8. If you (study) … for a higher qualification, you (get) … a better job next year. 9. If you sent the letter by first class mail, it (get) … there the following day. 10. If the weather is fine, we (go) … for a picnic.

11. If I (to have) this rare book, I should gladly lend it to you. 12. The dish would have been much tastier if she (to be) a better cook. 13. He never (to phone) you if I hadn’t reminded him to do that. 14. Your brother (to become) much stronger if he took cold baths regularly. 15. If he (to be) more courageous, he would not be afraid.

Упражнение 3

Перепишите нижеследующие предложения, образуя условные предложения. Образец: The weather is not fine and we won’t go for a walk. – If the weather is  fine, we will go for a walk.

1. He is busy and does not come. If… 2. The girl did not study well last year and received bad marks. If… 3. He broke his bicycle and so he did not go to the country. If… 4.He speaks English badly: he has no practice. If… 5. I had a bad headache yesterday, that’s why I did not come to see you. If… 6. The ship was sailing near the coast, that’s why it struck a rock. If… 7. He was not in town, therefore he was not present at our meeting. If… 8. The pavement was so slippery that I fell and hurt my leg. If… 9. The sea is rough, and we cannot sail to the island. If … 10. They made a fire, and the frightened wolves ran away. If …  

Упражнение 4

Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения и определите тип условного предложения. 1. I’ll ask Tom if I see him today. 2. We would go to the party if we had time tomorrow. 3. She would pass her exam next month if she worked harder. 4. She would be happy if she met him at the party next Sunday. 5. We’ll go nowhere tomorrow if it rains. 6. If she knew his phone number, she would call him next week. 7. If J.London had not learned life from his own experience, he could not have written his great works. 8. Had the science of radio not been developed so rapidly, we would not have got such remarkable changes in the technique today. 9. Had he been a young man, he would have taken part in the expedition. 10. If you had applied this method, you would have got better results.

Упражнение 5

Найдите и исправьте ошибки. Если в предложении все правильно, отметьте его плюсиком.

1. When I be eighty years old, I will have twenty grandchildren. ____

2. I can't go to Paris until I will be paid. ____

3. If she is not given the papers, she can't get the visa. ____

4. If he forget to lock the door, anybody can come in. ____

5. I won't talk to you if you not calm down. ____

6. They can play in the yard unless it will rain. _____

7. He won't eat the soup unless there is a lot of pepper there. ____

8. I will able to redecorate the apartment if nobody interferes. ____

9. She won't be able finish her speech if you interrupt her all the time. ____

10. You will can watch TV after I leave. ____

11. Will we be able to live in this house when we come here next summer? ____

12. Will she be happy if does she marry him? ____

Упражнение 6

Переведите предложения с wish-clauses.

1. We wish our exams were over.

2. I’m hungry. I wish it was time for lunch.

3. Terry had a terrible stomachache yesterday. He wished he had eaten less at the party.

4. They wished they saw this beautiful scene again.

5. I wish I had been at yesterday’s party.

6. He wishes he knew French.

Упражнение 7

Переведите текст, обращая внимание на использование сослагательного наклонения

Ageism turned her into a liar

For most of my life, age has seemed unimportant. My friends of both sexes have been younger, older or the same age. When I was in my early thirties I had a very enjoyable and fulfilling relationship with a man of 23. One of the most attractive men I know is in his mid fifties.

The first time I experienced a problem with age was on my fortieth birthday. Much to my surprise, it was a deeply traumatic event. Forty seemed to be so much older than 39. I used to like it when people told me I looked young for my age, but then I realised that they were just telling me how old I was. Anyway, I slowly got over the shock and tried to convince myself that life begins at 40.

I met him playing badminton. He was impressed with my exciting lifestyle - lots of travelling and some writing. I found him funny, kind, amusing and very attractive. He's 31 and looks about 19. He has no idea how old I am. All my life I've been totally honest. I return extra change to astonished shopkeepers, I've never travelled without a ticket and in job interviews I always come out with all the reasons why I should not be employed. Early on in the relationship I told him the truth about my disastrous existence - my divorce, my financial difficulties, and the relationship that destroyed my faith in men. I even admitted that I dye my hair. The sky did not fall in and he didn't run screaming from the house. I told him I was older than he was, but something stopped me from coming clean about my actual age.

And now I'm in trouble - serious trouble. Silence has made the problem much greater. If I had told him before, it wouldn't have become such a big issue. If I had been brave enough to admit that I was 11 years older than him, I wouldn't be in this crazy situation now. I lie about jobs, years abroad and education; he wonders how I've managed to fit so much living into my life; I conveniently can't remember the music of my teenage years.

The other day, I even hid my passport under a pile of papers. I'm worried about organizing a get-together with my friends in case one of them says something like, 'Doesn't she look good for her age.’ The longer I remain silent, the more likely he is to find out and I'm frightened. For once in a very long time I've found someone who makes me happy and I don't want to lose it.

I know that if I were a man, I would never have got into this mess. Eleven years' difference is nothing for a man. But it's the other way round and the world judges older women harshly, and I'm afraid he would do the same. I have become an ageist and a liar and I have no one to blame but myself.