Вариант II

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; определите по грамматическим

признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные

окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет,

т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица ед. числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком мн. числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. This experiment contributes useful information to our research.

2. The sound’s velocity in the air varies with the temperature.

3. Matter consists of one or a number of basic nature elements.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. The production engineer deals with production.

2. Glass fibres are probably the most common of all synthetic engineering fibres.

3. Water is one of the examples of an energy source.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы

сравнения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Next to the sun, the moon is the brightest object in the sky.

2. Petrol engines are usually lighter and smaller than diesel engines.

3. Metallurgists try to make composite materials as strong and light as possible.

4. The more complex the functions of joining techniques, the heavier the

demands are met by the operator.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык, обращая

внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. None of them knows about this technical know-how.

2. Anyone can multiply these numbers.

3. The engineers of the research laboratory developed some new methods of

work.

4. Every object of our industrialized world is the result of the machine-tool

work.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-

временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите

предложения на русский язык.

1. These machines free man from many complicated mechanical tasks.

2. With the invention of the internal combustion engine motor transport began to

spread in Europe very rapidly.

3. In the age of technology high-tech devices will occupy an extremely important place in our household.

VI. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Machines

Machine is a simple device that affects the force, or effort, which is necessary to do a certain amount of work. Machines make a tough job easier because a person applies less force or applies force in a direction that is easier to manipulate. Machines also increase the speed at which work makes an object travel.

There are four types of simple machines: the lever, the pulley (1), the inclined plane (2), and the wheel and axle. Most mechanical machines, such as automobiles or power tools, are complex machines composed of many parts. Various parts of machines consist of some combinations of the four simple machines. An everyday example of a complex machine is the can opener, which combines a lever (the handle), a wheel and axle (the turning knob), and a wedge (3) (the sharpened cutting disk).

The history of machines dates back thousands of years. The lever was the first simple machine that was utilized by humans. The first levers were branches or logs used to lift heavy objects. In ancient times people used metal or stone wedges when they split wood and rocks. Historians believe the people of ancient Mesopotamia (an early civilization near modern – day Iraq) used wheels as early as 3500 B.C. Chariots in Asia Minor used spoked wheels, which were lighter than solid wheels (4), as early as 2000 B.C.

The Greek inventor Archimedes (287-212 B.C.) developed a screw-type device known as Archimedes’ screw for raising water. Some modern water pumps still use this principle. According to the legend, Archimedes also used a block and tackle (5) to pull ships onto dry land. Machines transform natural energy, such as wind and falling water, into work. Waterwheels and windmills are good examples of simple machines that transform natural energy into reciprocating (6) motion and electricity.

Many everyday objects are combinations of simple machines. They are known as complex machines. An automobile is one of such machines. The engine contains many levers, wheels and axles, and pulleys. The whole engine is held together by bolts, which are a form of inclined plane. The transmission uses gears, which are a form of wheel and axle.

Even devices that do not seem to be mechanical use simple machines. A computer, an electronic device, has a cooling fan. This fan is a complex machine in which the motor shaft turns the fan, which is a form of wheel. The disk drive (7) uses a wheel and axle to turn the disk and a system of levers to position the heads that read and write the data on the disk.

Machines help people make life easier and more comfortable. The production of new generations of machines and equipment increases productivity and promotes (8) technical progress.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. pulley - блок, шкиф, ролик

2. inclined plane - наклонная плоскость

3. wedge - клин

4. spoked wheel - колесо со спицами

5. block and tackle - тали

6. reciprocating - поступательный

7. disk drive - дисковод

8. to promote - способствовать, продвигать, содействовать

B.C. (Before Christ) - до нашей эры

VII. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту:

1. What is a machine?

2. What are the principle types of simple machines?

3. When did people start using simple machines?

4. What are the examples of simple and complex machines?