2.Прочитайтекст, переведиивыполнизадания.

Текст2.

Historical overview of public administration

Large-scale administrative organization has existed from early times. The ancient empires of Egypt, Persia, Greece, Rome, China, and later the Holy Roman Empire as well as recent colonial empires of Britain, Spain, Russia, Portugal, and France – they all organized and maintained political rule over wide areas and large populations by the use of quite a sophisticated administrative apparatus and more or less skilled administrative functionaries.

The personal nature of that rule was very great. Everything depended on the emperor. The emperor in turn had to rely on the personal loyalty of his subordinates, who maintained themselves by the personal support from their underlings, down to rank-and file personnel on the fringes of the empire. The emperor carried an enormous work load reading or listening to petitions, policy arguments, judicial claims, appeals for favors, and the like in an attempt to keep the vast imperial machine functioning. It was a system of favoritism and patronage.

In a system based on personal preferment, a change of emperor disrupted the entire arrangements of government. Those who had been in favor might now be out of favor. Weak rulers followed strong rulers, foolish monarchs succeeded wise monarchs – but all were dependent on the army, which supplied the continuity that enabled the empire to endure so long. In the absence of institutional, bureaucratic procedures, government moved from stability to near anarchy and back again.

Modern administrative system is based on objective norms (such as laws, rules and regulations) rather than on favoritism It is a system of offices rather than officers. Loyalty is owed first of all to the state and the administrative organization. Members of the bureaucracy, or large, formal, complex organizations that appeared in the recent times, are chosen for their qualification rather than for their personal connections with powerful persons. When vacancies occur by death, resignation, or for other reasons, new qualified persons are selected according to clearly defined rules. Bureaucracy does not die when its members die.

Ex. 2. Прочтитекстещёразиответьнавопросы:

1. What is public administration?

2. What institutions and agencies are involved in public administration?

3. What institutions are involved with policy formulation?

4. What public figures are visible to the public – elected or anonymous ones?

5. What are public administrators?

6. What maintained political rule over wide areas and large populations in ancient empires?

7. What is the difference between macro-administration and micro-administration?

8. What changes could a change of emperor lead to in a system based on personal preferment?

9. What are modern administrative systems based on?

10. What is the difference between the administrative system based on objective norms and the one based on favouritism?

Ex. 3. Закончи выражения:

1. We are in contact with … almost from the moment of birth.

2. Public administration is said to be not … .

3. Public administrators are the anonymous specialists, who … .

4. Whether in the negative or positive sense, public administration is … .

5. The ancient and recent colonial empires … .

6. The emperor carried an enormous work load … .

7. Modern administrative system is based on … .

8. When vacancies occur by death, resignation, or for other reasons, new qualified persons … .

Ex. 4. Проведисоответствиямеждусловами и их дефинициями

patronage favouritism anarchy rank and file vacancy functionary underling subordinate, n

a job which is not being done by anyone and which people can apply for; the ordinary members of an organization as opposed to the leaders or officers; a situation where nobody seems to pay attention to rules or laws; this person has an official administrative job in an organization, especially in a government or a political party; the practice of unfairly helping or supporting one person or group more than another; the support and money given by someone to a person or a group such as a charity; someone, who has a less important position than you in the organization that you both work for; inferior in rank or status to someone else.

Ex. 5: Приведитесинонимыслов, выделенныхкурсивомиобъяснитеихзначения:

1. The anonymity of much public administration raises fears that government policies are made by people who are not accountable to citizens.

2. Members of the bureaucracy are chosen for their qualification rather than for their personal connections with powerful persons.

3. When vacancies occur, new qualified persons are selected according to clearly defined rules.

4. Our experiences with public administrators have become so extensive that our society may be labeled the “administered society”.

5. Public administration is a political process involving the authoritative implementation of legitimated policy choices.

6. Many fear that these so-called faceless bureaucrats subvert the intensions of elected officials.

7. The ancient and recent colonial empires organized and maintained political rule over wide areas and large populations.

Ex. 6 Вставьте предлоги:

1. We are accountable … our parents for our actions.

2. We cannot dispose … our earthly remains without final administrative certification.

3. Everything depended … the emperor, who in turn had to rely … the personal loyalty of his subordinates.

4. Various institutions are involved … public administration, but large, specialized governmental agencies are given responsibility … most public administration.

5. The Parliament or Congress are involved … policy formation, and the Department or Ministry of Defense are mainly involved … policy implementation.

6. The emperor carried an enormous work load reading or listening … petitions, judicial claims, appeals … favour, and the like.

7. In a system based … personal preferment, those who had been … favour might now be … … favour.

8. Weak rulers followed strong rulers, foolish monarchs succeeded … wise monarchs – but all were dependent … the army, which supplied the continuity.

Ex. 7.Приведитеанглийскиеэквиваленты:

требование, претензия эффективный осуществлять, приводить в исполнение курс, стратегия регистрировать

мелкий чиновник квалифицированный, опытный государственное управление законно избранное правительство рядовые служащие осуществление политики государственныйбюрократизм административная система государственная служба преданность подчиненных влиятельные люди политическое правление

Ex. 8.Перескажитетекст,закончивпредложениядобавляя 4-5 собственныхфраз.

1. The text under discussion draws our attention to … .

2. Public administration is said to be not as showy as … .

3. Public administrators are…

4. The ancient empires organized and maintained political rule by …

5. Modern administrative system is based on …