3. Mr. Tapley opened his eyes wide in the dark; but did not interrupt (Dick.).

4. Every breath of the old scandal had been carefully kept from her at home… he wouldn’t have a whisper of it reach her for the world (Galsw.).(breath- to breathe=a verb converted from noun=an object-an action typically performed with it), (wisper-to whisper=is the same as breath), (to reach-reach= a noun converted from verb=an activity –an instance of this activity)

5. a) I could just see that he was waving a letter or something equally foul in my face. (face=to face- a verb converted from noun =an object-an action typically performed with it)

B) When the bell stopped, Crane turned around and faced the students seated in rows before him.

6. Fortunately, however, the second course consisted of a chicken fricassee of such outstanding excellence that the old boy, after wolfing a plateful, handed up his dinner-pail for a second installment and became almost genial.( wolf=to wolf, hand=to hand: both are verbs converted from nouns= an object-an action typically performed with it) (room-to room= verbs converted from nouns= an object-an action typically performed with it)

7. There are advantages, you see about rooming with Julia. (room-to room= verbs converted from nouns= an object-an action typically performed with it)

8. There was a time when he and I had been lads about town together, lunching and dining together practically every day. (time-to time verbs converted from nouns= an object-an action typically performed with it) (lunch-to lunch= verbs converted from nouns= an object-an action typically performed with it)

Card 8

1.Composition. Compounds words. Ways of forming compound words. Classification of English compounds.

Composition is the way of word building when a word is formed by joining two or more stems to form one word. The structural unity of a compound word depends upon:

a) the unity of stress

b) solid or hyphonated spelling

c) semantic unity

d) unity of morphological and syntactical functioning.

These are charachteristic features of compound words in all languages. For English compounds some of these factors are not very reliable. As a rule English compounds have one uniting stress (usually on the first component), e.g. hard-cover, best-seller. We can also have a double stress in an English compound, with the main stress on the first component and with a secondary stress on the second component, e.g. blood-vessel. The third pattern of stresses is two level stresses, e.g. snow-white, sky-blue. The third pattern is easily mixed up with word-groups unless they have solid or hyphonated spelling.

Spelling in English compounds is not very reliable as well because they can have different spelling even in the same text, e.g. war-ship, blood-vessel can be spelt through a hyphen and also with a break, iinsofar, underfoot can be spelt solidly and with a break. All the more so that there has appeared in Modern English a special type of compound words which are called block compounds, they have one uniting stress but are spelt with a break, e.g. air piracy, cargo module, coin change, penguin suit etc.

The semantic unity of a compound word is often very strong. In such cases we have idiomatic compounds where the meaning of the whole is not a sum of meanings of its components, e.g. to ghostwrite, skinhead, brain-drain etc. In non idiomatic compounds semantic unity is not strong, e. g., airbus, to bloodtransfuse, astrodynamics etc.

English compounds have the unity of morphological and syntactical functioning. They are used in a sentence as one part of it and only one component changes grammatically, e.g. These girls are chatter-boxes. "Chatter-boxes" is a predicative in the sentence and only the second component changes grammatically.

There are two characteristic features of English compounds:

a) Both components in an English compound are free stems, that they can be used as words with a distinctive meaning of their own. The sound pattern will be the same except for the stresses, e.g. "a green-house" and "a green house". Whereas for example in Russian compounds the stems are bound morphemes, as a rule.

b) English compounds have a two-stem pattern, with the exception of compound words which have form-word stems in their structure, e.g. middle-of-the-road, off-the-record, up-and-doing etc. The two-stem pattern distinguishes English compounds from German ones.

WAYS OF FORMING COMPOUND WORDS.

Compound words in English can be formed not only by means of composition but also by means of:

a) reduplication, e.g. too-too, and also by means of reduplicatin combined with sound interchange , e.g. rope-ripe,

b) conversion from word-groups, e.g. to micky-mouse, can-do, makeup etc,

c) back formation from compound nouns or word-groups, e.g. to bloodtransfuse, to fingerprint etc ,

d) analogy, e.g. lie-in ( on the analogy with sit-in) and also phone-in, brawn-drain (on the analogy with brain-drain) etc.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH COMPOUNDS

1. According to the parts of speech compounds are subdivided into:

a) nouns, such as : baby-moon, globe-trotter,

b) adjectives, such as : free-for-all, power-happy,

c) verbs, such as : to honey-moon, to baby-sit, to henpeck,

d) adverbs, such as: downdeep, headfirst,

e) prepositions, such as: into, within,

f) numerals, such as : fifty-five.