- •1) Describe of properties, technology of production and analysis of Кrypton.
- •2) Describe of Xenon properties. Distribution in nature, production technology, physico-chemical characteristics.
- •3) Describe of properties, technology of production and analysis of Argon.
- •4) Give the description of properties, technology of production and analysis of Nitrogen.
- •5) Describe of properties, technology of production and analysis of Oxygen.
- •6) Give the description of properties, technology of production and analysis of Carbon dioxide.
- •8) Explain the principle of operation of mass spectrometric detector, which is used for analysis of gases.
- •9) Describe of function of gas chromatography, which is used for analysis natural gases.
- •10) Describe the specifics of the production of methylene and its analysis by gas chromatography.
- •11) Describe the specifics of the production of ethylene and its analysis by gas chromatography.
- •12) Describe of properties, technology of production and analysis of Ethane.
- •13) Classification of detectors which is used for analysis of gases: types and principles of action.
- •14) Describe of the production of industrial gases in Kazakhstan.
- •15) Basic terms and definitions associated with the production of industrial gases.
- •16) Describe of Production of industrial gases: helium and argon.
- •17) Principles of production of industrial gases: nitrogen and oxygen.
- •18) Describe of Production of industrial gases: methane and hydrogen.
- •19) Describe of the production of industrial gases in Worldwide, give same example.
- •20) Describe of Organic gases analysis by modern analytical methods. Distribution in nature, production technology, physico-chemical characteristics.
5) Describe of properties, technology of production and analysis of Oxygen.
Free air generally represents mechanical mix of three gases at their following volume content: nitrogen - 78,09%, oxygen - 20,93%, argon - 0,93%. Besides, it contains about 0,03% of a carbon dioxide and trace amounts of rare gases, Hydrogenium, nitrous oxide, etc.
The main task when receiving oxygen from air consists in division of air into oxygen and nitrogen. Division of liquid into oxygen and nitrogen is carried out by using of temperature difference of their boiling, namely: Tb. O2 = -182,97 °C; Tb.N2 = -195,8 °C (at 760 mm of mercury.).At gradual evaporation of liquid will pass into a vapor phase the nitrogen will be enter firstly, having lower boiling point and in process of its selection liquid will be enriched with oxygen. Multiple repetition of this process allows to receive oxygen and nitrogen of the required purity. Such way of division of liquids into constituents is called rectification.
For production of oxygen from air there are specialized enterprises equipped with high-performance installations. Besides, at the large metalworking enterprises there are own oxygen stations.
The low temperatures necessary for an air liquefaction are received by means of so-called refrigerating cycles.
Application of oxygen installations
Oxygen installations find abroad application in various technological processes practically in all industries, in medicine and agriculture. It is caused by the strong oxidizing properties of oxygen, for example, ability to support combustion process.
Oxygen installations were widely adopted very much in processes of metal working, welding, kerf and the soldering. In the chemical, petrochemical industry and in oil and gas complex oxygen is used in large volumes as an oxidizer in chemical reactions.
For the industry application production of technical oxygen goes in two paths:
1. Air division:
- cryogenic method,
- membranous method,
- the adsorption method.
2. From water – by an electrolysis.
1. Cryogenic method of division of air
The easiest way of production of oxygen –from free air cause divide air is not too difficult. Difference of boiling points of oxygen and nitrogen at atmospheric pressure on 12,8 °C allows to make division of fluid air into components in rectification columns. But for transformation of air into liquid, it is necessary to cool it to - 196 °C.
In other words, the task of production of oxygen is a task of receiving cold. The decision – in compression and an after expansion of free air, at the same time to force it to perform mechanical work. Then, as laws of physics promise, air will be cooled. This process happens in cars which are called detander. Developments of the Soviet physicist academician P. L. Kapitsa allowed to refuse the composite, unwieldy, expensive equipment for production of the oxygen demanding pressure about 200 atmospheres. This outstanding scientist suggested to use the turbine as a detander. The main feature of a turbodetander is that expansion of air happens also on impeller shovels, and in the nozzle device. Gas at the same time moves in such a way that works against centrifugal forces. The device creates cold by air which is compressed to several atmospheres. Also the energy made by the extending air is used, it rotates a rotor of the generator of electric current.
The modern installations for production of oxygen give to the industries, generally to chemistry and metallurgy, hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of gaseous oxygen.
The cryogenic technology allows to receive oxygen of high purity (99,5% – 99,9%)