6) Give the description of properties, technology of production and analysis of Carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide (IV), carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide) is CO 2, a colorless gas with slightly acidic odor and taste. Density under normal conditions of 1.98 g / l. At atmospheric pressure, it does not exist in the liquid state, passing directly from the solid state to the gaseous state. Solid carbon dioxide is called dry ice. Dry ice is used as a coolant. At elevated pressure and ordinary temperatures, carbon dioxide passes into the liquid, which is used to store it. According to its chemical properties, carbon dioxide refers to acid oxides. When dissolved in water, it forms carbonic acid. Reacts with alkali to form carbonates and hydrocarbons. It enters into the reaction of electrophilic substitution (for example, with phenol - the Kolbe reaction) and nucleophilic addition (for example, with organomagnesium compounds). Carbon dioxide is not toxic, but does not support breathing. A large concentration in the air causes suffocation. Carbon dioxide of the atmosphere is the main source of carbon for plants. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is 0.038%. Carbon dioxide easily passes the ultraviolet rays and rays of the visible part of the spectrum, which come to Earth from the sun and heat it. At the same time, it absorbs the infrared rays emitted by the Earth and is a greenhouse gas. Receiving. In industry, they are obtained from furnace gases, from decomposition products of natural carbonates (limestone, dolomite). The mixture of gases is washed with a solution of potassium carbonate, which absorbs carbon dioxide, passing into the hydrocarbonate. The solution of bicarbonate decomposes on heating, releasing carbon dioxide. In industrial production is pumped into cylinders. Under laboratory conditions, small amounts are obtained by the interaction of carbonates and hydrocarbons with acids, for example marble with hydrochloric acid.

Properties Physical. Carbon monoxide (IV) is carbon dioxide, gas is odorless and colorless, heavier than air, crystallizes with strong cooling as a white, snow-like mass - "dry ice". At atmospheric pressure, it does not melt, but evaporates, the sublimation temperature is -78 ° C. Carbon dioxide is formed when rotting and burning organic substances. Contained in air and mineral springs, it is released when breathing animals and plants. Soluble in water (1 volume of carbon dioxide in one volume of water at 15 ° C).

Chemical. According to its chemical properties, carbon dioxide refers to acid oxides. When dissolved in water, it forms carbonic acid. Reacts with alkali to form carbonates and hydrocarbons. It enters into the reaction of electrophilic substitution (for example, with phenol) and nucleophilic addition (for example, with organomagnesium compounds). Carbon monoxide (IV) does not support combustion. It only burns some active metals: 2Mg+CO₂=2MgO+C. Interaction with active metal oxide: CaO+CO₂=CaCO₃. When dissolved in water, it forms carbonic acid: CO₂+H₂O=H₂CO₃. Reacts with alkali to form carbonates and hydrocarbons: Ca(OH₂)+CO₂=CaCO₃+H₂O (Qualitative reaction to carbon dioxide); KOH+CO₂=KHCO₃.

Receiving. In industrial quantities, carbon dioxide is released from flue gases, or as a by-product of chemical processes, for example, in the decomposition of natural carbonates (limestone, dolomite) or in the production of alcohol (alcohol fermentation). The mixture of these gases is washed with a solution of potassium carbonate, which absorb carbon dioxide, passing into the hydrocarbonate. The solution of bicarbonate decomposes on heating or under reduced pressure, releasing carbon dioxide. In modern installations for the production of carbon dioxide instead of bicarbonate, an aqueous solution of monoethanolamine is most often used, which under certain conditions can absorb CO₂ contained in the flue gas, and when heated, give it off; Thus separating the finished product from other substances. Also, carbon dioxide is produced in air separation plants as a by-product of the production of pure oxygen, nitrogen and argon. Under laboratory conditions, small amounts are obtained by reacting carbonates and hydrocarbons with acids, for example marble, chalk or soda with hydrochloric acid, using, for example, the Kipp apparatus. The use of the reaction of sulfuric acid with chalk or marble leads to the formation of poorly soluble calcium sulphate, which interferes with the reaction, and which is removed by a significant excess of acid. For the preparation of beverages, the reaction of baking soda with citric acid or with acidic lemon juice can be used. It was in this form that the first fizzy drinks appeared. They were manufactured and sold by pharmacists.

7) Describe of properties, technology of production and analysis of Butane.

butane or refined butane is a natural gas derivative. It is an extremely flammable hydrocarbon which is highly sought after for many different applications. Handheld lighters that require a butane refill as a power source have been around for about 100 years. Butane also is used to make propane, which powers outdoor barbecue grills, heaters, and many other consumer goods -- including kitchen torches used to make crème brûlée. This natural gas, because it can achieve a temperature of 1,700 degrees Kelvin when burned, is an ideal power source for industrial and commercial grade torches.

How Butane is Made

Natural Gas RigButane comes from natural gas, which is colorless, odorless, and shapeless in its natural form. Extremely abundant in many parts of the world, this type of gas is relatively inexpensive to mine and produce. It is a fossil fuel, created over the course of millions of years by a complex process deep inside the earth from the remains of plants, animals, and numerous microorganisms. Different types of machinery that require butane to operate seemed quite magical when they were developed long ago, but there really is little magic involved in butane production. It is simply a matter of human ingenuity, hard work, repeatable production processes, and following safety procedures every step of the way.

Colibri Butane production, by way of an example, follows a four step process that is preceeded by locating a natural gas reserve, of course, and bringing it to the surface where it is then transported to a refinery.

Step 1 - Removal of oil and condensate. This means separating the gas from the oil where it dissolved, often using equipment installed near the well or source of the gas pocket.

Step 2 - Remove the water. Besides petroleum, the gas also needs to be separated from the water through machinery at the surface. This is done by a dehydration process, either through absorption or adsorption. The concept of absorption is pretty simple -- water is absorbed into silicate or granules. Adsorption, on the other hand, is the process where the gas binds to the surface of another solid or liquid in a condensed layer for further processing.

Glycol DehydrationStep 3 - Glycol Dehydration. This is where a kind of glycol solution, either diethylene glycol or triethylene glycol, absorbs water from the wet gas. The glycol particles get heavier, sink to the bottom of a device called a contactor, and are then removed. Now that water has been stripped out of the natural gas, it is then transported out of the dehydrator unit.

Finally, Step 4 is actually a variant of Step 3, but in this case it uses a Solid-desiccant dehydration process. Wet natural gas passes through two or more absorption towers filled with alumina or silica; the water is trapped, and the remaining dry gas pours out of the bottom of the towers. Production of Vector butane then continues as normal.

Facts About Butane

Refined butane, such as Power 5x, is derived from natural gas and also can be found in petroleum.

It has a chemical signature of C4H10 and is considered a flammable hydrocarbon.

It was isolated in 1910 by Dr. William Snelling, who was curious as to why a smaller amount of gasoline was available to motorists before it evaporated.

In 1911, Snelling and the United States Bureau of Mining discovered a way to convert gas butane into liquid form.

When ignited, butane can burn at a temperature of about 1,700 degrees Kelvin.

Butane has been used as a source for heating buildings and as a power source for nearly 100 years.

Refined butane is used every day in a variety of ways, including as a power source for refillable lighters and torches, to make propane for outdoor cooking, and even as a component in refrigerant.

Butane also is used in portable hair straighteners. We tried some Whip-It! 9x butane in one!

It also has commercial uses, where butane powered torches are used to cut glass, steel, and other materials.

As a derivative of natural gas, butane is one of the most widely available gases in the world.