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2. Explain structure of science system in Kazakhstan since the period of its independence (1991) as it changed and transformed.

The Republic of Kazakhstan has a powerful scientific and technical potential, formed as a result of the alloying of the scientific heritage of Soviet times and the development of domestic scientific research in the era of independence. During the USSR in many fields of science: metallurgy of non-ferrous metals, catalysis, physics, mathematics, space research, mining, chemistry, biologically active substances, high-molecular compounds, biochemistry and physiology of humans, animals and plants, geography and botany. Social sciences have successfully developed. Many works of Kazakhstani scientists received world recognition, including in geology, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemistry and other branches of science. With the republic's gaining independence in 1991, Kazakhstan faced the task of forming its own scientific base. The first steps along this path were the creation of a legislative and organizational foundation for the activities of Kazakhstan's science. In 1992, the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Science and Scientific and Technical Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan" was adopted and the Ministry of Science and New Technologies of the Republic of Kazakhstan was established. In 1992-1993 years. structures were formed that determine the scientific and technical policy of sovereign Kazakhstan: on standardization, certification of scientific personnel, state registration of research and development work, deposited manuscripts and dissertations, and the granting of patents. In 1993 the republican target scientific and technical program "Development of the state system of scientific and technical information of the Republic of Kazakhstan" was adopted. In the same years, a number of national scientific centers were organized: on radio electronics and communications, integrated processing of mineral raw materials, biotechnology and the National Nuclear Center. In 1996-1999 years. in the system of management of the scientific and technical sphere, a number of organizational changes were carried out related to the definition of the responsible executive body, the supervision of the development of science in the Republic of Kazakhstan (such was the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan), as well as the reform of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, former state. At the same time, the process of secession from the branch administration or association with universities began. In 2001, on the basis of the Concept of Scientific, Scientific and Technical Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, developed earlier, the Law "On Science" regulating social relations in the field of science and scientific and technical activities, defining the rights and duties of subjects of scientific and scientific and technical spheres. In the same year, the Program of Innovative Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2015 was approved. In July 2002, the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Innovation Activities" was adopted. The goal of the state innovation policy is a balanced production infrastructure that ensures the prevalence of competitive, high-tech products (works, services) in various areas of production and use of public management. A new stage in improving the management of science and the scientific and technical sphere began in 2006. The main characteristic of the structural reforms of science implemented in 2006 is the new decision-making system, the idea of ​​which was unveiled by the President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev at a lecture at the Eurasian National University 26 May 2006. The importance of this system was emphasized by the fact that the Prime Minister of the country headed the Higher Scientific and Technical Commission under the Government (VNTK), established in August 2006.

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