О. М. Ільченко Англійська мова для науковців
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Chapter 8 |
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Text B Read the text and define your techno-type.
Technical professionals sometimes take for granted |
marvel — something (or someone) that causes |
their ease with electronic marvels. Unfortunately, |
wonder and admiration; wonderful thing укр. |
though, it seems that there is an ever-widening gap |
чудо, диво |
between the «knows» and the «know-nots». Recent |
it seems — укр. очевидно, певно, здається |
studies point out that while the hardware is becoming |
gap — an empty space between two objects |
more sophisticated, the users may not be keeping pace. |
укр. розрив |
Some people may even be classified as technophobic, |
to intimidate — to frighten укр. лякати |
and some are intimidated by computers and are afraid |
afraid — full of fear, frightened, scared укр. |
they may damage a PC if they use it without |
наляканий |
assistance, or would not use a computer unless forced |
findings — something learned as a result of |
to. Based on these findings, Dell Computers has |
an official inquiry укр. отримані дані |
developed a new approach to the
computer business: techno-typing. Techno-typing is the key to helping people understand what computers can do specifically for them and how to find their perfect PC match. Dell is using the data to develop computers targeted at specific techno-types:
*Techno-Wizard: generally a technology expert or hobbyist who wants the hottest technology for the lowest price. Greatest concern is losing the edge.
*Techno-To-Go: wants a computer that comes ready to go right out of the box. Interested in what a computer can do but not in how it works. Greatest concern is being left alone without service and support.
*Techno-Boomer: wants to look smart; researches and seeks recommendations before making
a purchase. Greatest concern is making the wrong |
concern — a matter of interest, importance or worry |
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decision, |
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to someone укр. важливість, турбота |
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* Techno-Phobe: rejects technology or avoids it |
purchase — укр. покупка |
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whenever possible. |
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* Techno-Teamer: uses a computer at work and as |
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part of a network. Productivity is a primary concern |
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for work that is largely team oriented. Greatest concern |
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is network failure. |
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NOTE
CLASSIFYING is an important mental skill.
Usually classifications contain:
1)the name of the class
2)members of the class
3)basis for classification *** According to Text В we have:
1)technology users;
2)Techno-Wizards, Techno-To-Gos, Techno-Boomers, Techno-Phobes, Techno-Teamers;
3)attitude toward and aptitude for technology.
While classifying, use the following words and phrases: class, group, category, division;
to classify, to group, to categorize, to divide; classification, grouping.
can be divided into |
types |
X(s) belong(s) to |
categories fall(s) |
into |
groups |
_______________________________________________
*** Sometimes they are not explicitly expressed, but implied.
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Chapter 8 |
Exercise 8. Read the following text. Find all examples of classifying. Give the name of the class, members of the class, and basis for classification.
The earliest computing device was the abacus used by the ancient Greeks and Romans. Sliding scales date back almost two millenia. In 1642, French philosopher-mathematician Pascal built a mechanical adding machine, and in 1671, German philosopher-mathematician Gottfried Leibniz built a machine to perform multiplication. In 1835, British mathematician Charles Babbage designed the first mechanical computer. The work of another British mathematician Alan Turing, in the 1930s, marked the next major milestone: he developed the mathematical theory of computation (by the way, the name of the test for measuring the success of computer programs that are claimed to have «Artificial Intelligence» is Turing). In 1940s, American mathematician John van Neumann developed the basic design for today's electronic computers. Finally, with the development of the transistor in 1952 and the subsequent microelectronic revolution, the Computer Age started.
A computer is a collection of various components. At the heart is the CPU (central processing unit), which performs all the computations. This is supported by memory which holds current program and data, and «logic arrays», which help move information around the system. Peripheral devices, or add-ons, can be attached. These will normally be keyboards and VDU (visual display unit) screens for user I/O (input and output), disc drive units for mass memory storage, and printers for printed output. The program and data to be manipulated — text, figures, images, or sounds — are input into the computer which then processes the data and outputs the result. The results can be printed out, displayed on VDU, or stored in memory for subsequent manipulation. Whatever the task, a computer can function in only one of four ways: input/output operations, arithmetical operations, logic and comparison operation, and movement of data to, from, and within the central memory of the machine. The programmer devises a set of instructions — algorithms that utilize these four functions in a combination appropriate to the job in question.
There are four «sizes», corresponding roughly to their memory capacity and processing speed. Microcomputers are the smallest, usually single-user machines often referred to as home computers, are used in small business, at home, and in schools. Minicomputers, also known as personal computers are generally larger, and may support up to 30 users at once. They will be found in medium-sized business and university departments. Mainframes, which can often service hundreds of users at once, are found in large organizations. Supercomputers are the most powerful of all. They are mostly used for special highly complex scientific tasks.
Exercise 9.
(to) recognize recognition recognized
1.John is a young author struggling for____.
2.Our city has changed so much you wouldn't ____ it.
3.He is a ____ authority on materials science.
(to) alter |
alteration(s) . |
4.There have been a few ____ to our proposal.
5.This dress will have to be ____.
(to) add |
addition(s) |
6.We should _____ some more names to the list.
7.I would like _____ something to what you've said.
8.____ are made to the project, of course.
9.In ____ to giving a general introduction, the course also provides practical discussion.
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143 |
Exercise 10. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.
In the middle of Salisbury plain in southern England, a circle of massive stones marks one of the strangest monuments known to humanity. Stonehenge contains a set of giant standing stones weighing 25 tons each. They form a circle surrounding two horseshoe-shaped patterns. The circle is more than 30 meters wide and 4 meters high, raized 4 meters above the ground. Their place of origin is unknown. The discovery that many of the stones were brought from hundreds of miles away to this particular spot, makes the matter even more interesting. «Why» is not the only question. How?
Scientists point out that Stonehenge has been built over a period of many centuries, during three distinct phases. It has been realized since 1771 (after having been forgotten for perhaps thousands of years) that at the summer solstice — the day in the year (currently June 21st) when the Sun is the farthest north and the day is the longest — the Sun rizes directly over a particular stone, caled the Heelstone (located 60 meters outside the outer circle of stones) as seen from the center of Stonehenge. So probably the people who built Stonehenge must have had substantial astronomical knowledge.
1.What is the best title for the passage?
a.Early astronomers
b.Salisbury plain
c.Gigantic projects
d.One of the famous mysteries
2.It can be inferred from the passage that
a.the stones were cut from quarries
b.it was easy to transport the stones
c.the Heelstone is not very heavy
d.an incredible amount of work went into making the construction
3.According to the author of this passage
a.Stonehenge is located in northern England
b.giant monuments have puzzling features
c.some stones were put on top of each other
d.the stones were not transported from a great distance
4.The author implies that
a.nobody knows for sure how the stones got there, and what their exact purpose was
b.not many people undertook this construction project
c.Stonehenge is not a mystery anymore
d.the circle is less than 30 meters wide
5.The passage was most probably written by a specialist in
a.astrology
b.archaeoastronomy
c.biology
d.philosophy
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Chapter 8 |
Exercise 11 Choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for it.
1.This article concerns archaeological findings.
a.is about
b.surveys
c.overviews
d.concludes by
2.We were unable to perceive where the problem lay.
a.conclude
b.understand
c.foresee
d.check
3.What is your assessment of her chances of winning?
a.prediction
b.suggestion
c.feeling
d.evaluation
4.Some people are scared of sophisticated technology.
a.interested in
b.informed
c.afraid of
d.aware of
5.In general, our business plan is OK, but I think we should make some alterations.
a.radical improvement
b.slight changes
c.useful amendments
d.important corrections
6.There are many gigantic buildings in New York.
a.tall
b.modern
c.gorgeous
d.huge
7.Virtual reality is an electronic marvel.
a.wonder
b.gimmick
c.monitor
d.device
8.He decided to buy a new computer.
a.sell
b.advertise
c.purchase
d.assess
9.The study revealed an extremely involved mechanism.
a.simple
b.interesting
c.complicated
d.strange
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10.He concerns himself with astronomy.
a.is tired of
b.is interested in
c.doesn't like
d.thinks it is necessary to study
11.This theory involves a lot of aspects.
a.assumes
b.studies
c.includes
d.concludes
12.We really like this pleasant working enviroment.
a.space
b.milieu
c.group
d.feature
13.You should send your papers to our organizing committee.
a.working
b.standing
c.conference
d.steering
Noteworthy
If you want something done, give it to a busy man ... and he will have his secretary do it.
146 |
Chapter 8 |
UNscientifically speaking...
ALCHEMY
The alchemists tried to change base metals to gold. See how we can change BASE to GOLD in just 4 steps by changing one letter at a time:
BASE baLe balD bOld GOLD
Change :
a)HATE
––––––
––––––
––––––
LOVE
b)TAKE
––––––
––––––
––––––
GIVE
c)MORE
––––––
––––––
––––––
––––––
––––––
LESS
Clues:
a)possess; bee's home; dwell.
b)body of water; be fond of, enjoy; dwell, have life.
c)female horse; German money; a cover to disguise the face; quantity; disorder or untidiness.
(after English Teaching Forum, Jan. 1994)
Chapter 9 |
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Chapter 9
Focus on:
Energy Sources
Environment
Grammar: Verbals
Infinitive
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Chapter 9 |
Text A Read the text and be ready to answer the questions that follow.
Fossil fuels
Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are known as fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are believed to have been formed from the remains of prehistoric plants and animals. Coal originates from ancient
swamps, petroleum and natural gas were |
fossil — укр. викопний |
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formed from ancient marine plants and |
swamp — an area of land which is always full or |
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animals. Coal is still an important source of |
covered with water укр. болото |
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electricity. Along with iron ore, it is also used |
source — a place from which something comes; |
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to make steel. Because coal is a solid fuel, it |
means of supply укр. джерело |
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has certain disadvantages, and burning it |
ore — rock, earth etc. from which metal can be |
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causes acid rain and air pollution. Displaced |
obtained укр. руда |
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by cleaner fuels, coal consumption declined |
to pollute — to make (air, water, soil etc.) |
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rapidly during the middle of the twentieth |
dangerously impure or unfit for use укр. |
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century. But coal reserves are estimated to be |
забруднювати |
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enormous, and, assuming that pollution |
rapid — fast, quick, swift укр. швидкий |
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control and clean-burning technologies now |
to implement — to carry out or put into practice |
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being researched are fully implemented, coal |
укр. впроваджувати, здійснювати |
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may still remain a major source of energy. |
fuel — material that is used for producing heat or |
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The main use of petroleum is for liquid |
power укр. паливо |
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fuels such as gasoline, diesel and jet fuel, to |
to say nothing of — укр. не кажучи вже про |
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say |
nothing |
of heat |
and |
electricity |
well — a place where water (oil) can be taken from |
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generation. |
Also |
many |
chemicals are |
underground укр. свердловина |
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produced |
from |
petroleum. |
These |
to ship — to send to a distant place by post or other |
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petrochemicals include chemical |
fertilizers, |
means, укр. перевозити |
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explosives, medicines etc. Oil at present |
pipeline — a line of connected pipes, often |
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accounts for around 45 percent of the planet's |
underground, especially for carrying liquids or gas a |
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total energy consumption, and natural gas a |
long distance укр. трубопровід |
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further 25 percent. Natural gas is often found in the same wells with oil, but it may also be found separately. Natural gas is the cleanest-burning fuel that can be shipped through pipelines.
Nuclear energy
The world's first nuclear power plant began producing electricity in Britain in 1956. Originally,
nuclear power was seen as a clean, inexpensive power |
accident — something unpleasant or damaging укр. |
source. Today, however, the nuclear power industry |
аварія |
faces two serious problems: nuclear accidents and |
waste — used damaged or unwanted matter укр. |
nuclear waste. Since the Chernobyl accident public |
відходи |
opposition to expansion of nuclear power has grown. |
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Alternative (renewable) energy sources
While oil has a unique status as an energy source, it is by no means without competition. Other
fossil fuels, such as coal and gas, are often less costly |
unique — being the only one of its type укр. |
and compete effectively in certain sectors, such as |
унікальний |
electric power generation. However, there are energy |
by no means — Ні в якому разі |
resources (not based on fossil fuels) that are essentially |
costly — costing a lot of money укр. дорогий |
inexhaustible, such as solar energy and other kinds of |
to exhaust — to use up completely укр. |
renewable energy. Flowing water is an important |
виснажувати, вичерпувати |
energy source. Hydroelectric power, or hydropower, |
to deplete — to lessen greatly in amount укр. |
produced by the force of |
вичерпувати, виробляти |
running water is a renewable and relatively pollution-free source of electrical energy. As such energy sources as coal, oil, and natural gas become depleted, it will prove
Chapter 9 |
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advantageous to many countries currently dependent on those sources to develop and make available alternative energy technology. Many countries have favorable natural conditions for
developing geothermal, wind, solar, and tidal energy sources. tide — a current of water caused by the regular
Geothermal energy makes use of underground heat which |
rize and fall of the sea caused by the pull of the |
escapes to the surface through hot springs. Geothermal power |
moon and the sun укр. приплив та відплив |
is believed to be of great potential. New Zealand, Iceland, and |
spring — a place where water comes up |
several other countries now operate successful power plants. |
naturally from the ground укр. джерело |
Solar energy involves capturing the sun's light energy and converting it into heat or electricity. The technology exists to harness solar power, but solar energy collectors are expensive. Tidal
energy could be a source of hydroelectric power in |
to harness — to use (a natural force) to |
limited areas and has been pioneered in France. |
produce useful power укр. приборкувати, |
Attempts to raise deep ocean water to generate |
підкоряти |
electricity are under way in Hawaii and other places. |
to be under .way — moving forward укр. |
Wind can also be harnessed to produce electricity by the |
(починати) запроваджувати в життя, |
use of machines called aerogenerators. Wind is an |
здійснювати |
unpredictable energy source that requires storage |
to recycle — to treat (a substance that has |
technology to fully use its benefits. Recycling or burning |
already been used) so that it is fit to use again |
industrial and domestic garbage can also be used as a |
укр. переробляти для повторного |
source of energy. |
використання |
In the oceans, air, land, underground the Earth has |
virtually — almost, very nearly, practically |
virtually unlimited energy sources. Many of them are |
укр. практично, майже |
nonrenewable, and may be of short supply in the future. |
to seek — to make a search (for); to look for; |
We should seek and improve energy sources and use |
try to find or get укр. шукати |
them more efficiently to maintain our energy supply and |
hazard — something likely to cause damage |
reduce environmental hazards. |
or loss; a danger or risk укр. ризик, небезпека |
Sources of Electricity Generated in the USA
1.What is the subject of the passage?
2.What kinds of natural resources do you know?
3.What are the main uses of coal, petroleum, and gas?
4.What are the positive and the negative aspects of nuclear energy as a power source?
5.What is specific about renewable energy sources?
6.What are the positive and the negative aspects of various renewable energy sources? Give your opinion. State the reasons why.
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Chapter 9 |
Exercise 1. Give English equivalents of:
морські рослини та тварини; важливе джерело; поряд з; тверде паливо; кислотний дощ; забруднення повітря; найчистіше паливо; альтернативні джерела енергії; енергія припливу та відпливу; перші спроби починають запроваджуватись у життя; приборкувати; майже необмежені можливості; джерела енергії, що поновлюються; зменшувати небезпеку для довкілля.
Exercise 2. A. Make some predictions about the world electricity consumption if present trends continue.
World Consumption of Electricity (106 GWh)