О. М. Ільченко Англійська мова для науковців
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7.We can talk about it after he ...
a.will leave
b.is leaving
c.leaves
d.has left
8.This theory is popular ... scientists.
a.along
b.between
c.where
d.among
9.The quality of education from elementary school through college ... a subject of special interest in recent years.
a.has become
b.became
c.will become
d.becomes
Text B. Read the following passage, paraphrase it. Discuss the ways graphics affects people in workplace.
As we move into the technological age, we witness |
influence — an effect on someone or something |
the increasing use of graphics all around us, and the |
without the use of direct force or command |
influence that graphics has on the way everyone thinks, |
Synonym: impact укр. вплив |
The visual world in which we live reminds us that |
enormous — extremely large укр. величезний |
graphics has enormous impact on our lives. |
actually — in fact, really, in reality, in actuality |
Computer users, for example, use graphic design |
укр. фактично, насправдi |
within the texts they prepare on a word processor. Some |
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researchers believe that graphics will actually help |
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people communicate more effectively whether on a |
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computer screen or a printed page. The goal of graphic design is to present information that can be understood easily and quickly. Graphic designs usually mean headlines, charts, graphs, tables, diagrams, symbols and pictures.
GRAPHS are a visual way of presenting information, especially statistical data. The three most important
types of graphs are: |
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line graphs |
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are useful in showing changes and trends (general tendencies or directions in the way a |
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bar graphs |
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situation is changing or developing) involving quantities or amounts over time |
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Scientists & Engineers in |
Ratio of Science and Engineering Degrees |
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the Labor Force |
to Total First University Degrees |
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Per 10,000 Labor Force |
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R&D Scientists and Engineers
Per 10.000 Population, 1995
circle graphs |
sometimes called pie graphs, show percentage, and whole is divided into parts |
When analyzing information in a line or bar graph, note time periods and increases or decreases in amounts. In a circle graph, note the relationship of each part to the whole. Rank the percentages from the greatest to the least.
Comment on these graphs:
The present stock and flow of human resources engaged in |
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the global discovery and application of science and |
pool of scientists, reservoir of scientists |
technology are critical to the future pace of innovation. |
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Historically, the world's largest reservoirs of scientists and |
укр. кадри (резерв) вчених |
engineers have rested in the Western economies. Over time, |
cohort — any group of people who share some |
however, Asia, especially Japan, has begun to build |
common quality (same age etc.) укр. когорта, |
equivalent pools of scientists and engineers in the labor force, |
група |
and emerging economies are showing signs of producing |
S&T — Science and Technology укр. наука i |
relatively high proportions of scientists and engineers among |
техніка |
their university graduating cohorts. As the global economy |
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expands and nations become ever more interconnected, there |
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may be reason to hope for a smoothing out of at least some |
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aspects of global S&T human resources capacity. |
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Exercise 12. Study the following graph and answer the questions about it:
Elements that make up the earth's crust
1.What elements make up the fourth largest percentage of the earth's crust?
2.Does oxygen make up more, less, or about the same percentage of the earth's crust as compared to all the other elements together?
3.What three elements make up almost equal percentage of the earth's crust?
4.Do sodium and calcium together make up a larger percentage than aluminium?
Exercise 13. Choose the correct word and fill in the blanks.
(to) increase |
increasingly |
1.I find it ____ difficult to work with them.
2.The population of this country has _____.
competition competitor(s) competitive
3.The two companies are in direct ______
4.Anyone wanting to enter the computer business faces tough _______
5.They lost the contract to their ____.
6.We've discussed the _____ nature of private industry.
(to) invest |
investment(s) |
7.The government is trying to attract _____ into this industry.
8.He will advise you how _____ money.
9.I've ____ a lot of time and effort into this project.
(to) prosper prosperity |
prosperous |
10.Their business ____.
11.We wish you health, happiness , and ____.
12.This is a new and ____ city.
innovation(s) innovative
13.The article dealt with _____ printing techniques.
14.Recent _____ in this field are very promising.
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Chapter 3 |
Exercise 14. Read the text and answer the questions about it.
William Rathje, a professor of anthropology at the University of Tucson, Arizona, has created an entirely new field of science called garbology. He conducted a scientific study
of garbage left for collection, inspected and categorized some 120 tons of garbage and has arrived at some interesting conclusions. If you ask
professor Rathje about trash, his answers might surprise you. Garbage, he points out, is an unavoidable fact of life, produced by all societies since the dawn of civilization. One of his findings is a real composition of the American waste: not plastic, not glass, not metal — but paper, which makes up more than 40 percent of the volume of waste. Another result is that middle-income families waste more food than lower or upper-income families. Rathje's research also reveals some facts about American habits of consumption. For example, lowerincome households tend to throw away hazardous car-care items, middle class households discard paint, furniture, plant fertilizers.
1.What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A)The creation of archaeology
(B)Methods of paper recycling
(C)William Rathje's biography
(D)Results from work in the field of garbology
2.According to the passage, who is William Rathje?
(A)a university student
(B)a sanitation engineer
(C)an anthropology professor
(D)a chemist
3.According to the passage, who wasted more food?
(A)lower-and middle income families
(B)upper-income families
(C)middle-income families
(D)lower-income families
4.It can be inferred from the passage that
(A)problems with garbage appeared only recently
(B)garbage has been produced since ancient times
(C)Americans produce more garbage than other nations
(D)plastic is the most common waste
5.It can be inferred from the passage that the science of garbology is important because it
(A)provides insights into lifestyles of American families
(B)offers work opportunities for students
(C)is the most promising trend in science
(D)studies modern methods of food processing
Exercise 15. Choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for it.
1.He responded to my suggestion promptly.
(a)agreed
(b)reacted
(c)objected
(d)understood
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2.These two companies are rivals.
(a)innovators
(b)companions
(c)competitors
(d)investors
3.It's a tough problem.
(a)disturbing
(b)enormous
(c)radical
(d)difficult
4.The computer has made a great impact on our lives. a. decision
b. reaction c. influence d. help
5.We are to face these radical changes.
a.drastic
b.minor
c.relevant
d.constant
6.We start off with trends in global communications.
a.tendencies
b.data
c.priorities
d.partnerships
7.It is difficult to predict possible consequences.
a.chances
b.results
c.improvements
d.trends
8.As soon as you arrive home, phone me.
a.after
b.before
c.until
d.unless
9.He seldom comes on time.
a.often
b.always
c.sometimes
d.rarely
10.I hope you will maintain your recent improvement.
a.give up
b.transfer
c.realize
d.keep up
11.The project will become effective in the short run.
a.later
b.in the distant future
c.soon
d.at the moment
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12.Actually, IBM was world's seventh largest company in 1983.
a.essentially
b.on the whole
c.finally
d.in fact
13.Walking on the grass is not allowed.
a.prohibited
b.permitted
c.proclamed
d.proposed
Noteworthy
The science of graphology tries to establish relationship between handwriting and personality. Such
relationship was first noticed by the Chinese in the eleventh century, and then in 1622 a man called Camillo Baldi maintained that each person has a
characteristic handwriting. At the end of the nineteenth century |
to maintain — to assert укр. наполягати, |
graphology became a proper science. Now even figures aimless |
стверджувати |
doodles are of interest to graphologists. Like dreams, doodles |
to doodle — to draw lines, etc. while about |
are products of the unconscious and can reflect |
something |
a person's state of mind. Check out your recent doodles (for example, in memo pads) and find out what they could mean:
1.Faces: It's your personality you're showing. If features are faint, you tend to be withdrawn and self-conscious; when dark or overemphasized, you may be domineering but insecure. Small or closed eyes could mean you are introspective, even self-absorbed, while large eyes represent a suspicious or hypersensitive nature.
2.Geometric shapes: Circles signal affection. Three-dimensional boxes indicate frustration, but also a desire to solve problems. A triangle stands for aggression, high energy, and ambition;
stars are symbols of hope and achievement.
3.Lines: Very short, sketchy strokes show you're anxious or uncertain, while long, straight ones convey determination.
4.Loops: Loosely spaced — you're feeling relaxed or lazy, but tightly drawn — you're a bit anxious.
5.Animals: Domestic pets reveal a tame personality, while birds represent high-flying ideas or the wish to escape.
Chapter 4 |
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Chapter 4
Focus on:
Hackers
Grammar: Structure of English
Sentence. Logical
Connectors
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Chapter 4 |
Text A Read the text and be ready to answer the questions that follow.
Who are hackers? What is hacking? Imagine that you had a properly working program that performed one task, and you needed another program to do something slightly different. Modifying the first program to create the second one was much faster than writing a new one from scratch. In other words, that led more to an axhewn bench than to a piece of finely crafted furniture. Taking an ax to a program to turn it into something else
became the basis of the term to hack. |
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Whereas programming is like cooking in |
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your own kitchen — a personal act of creation |
* from scratch (informal) — starting from the beginning or |
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— hacking |
is |
like cooking |
in |
a |
stranger's |
with nothing |
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kitchen in the dead of night. Hacking is not for |
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to hew — to cut using an ax or other cutting tool укр. рубати |
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the beginners. |
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(сокирою) |
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As one might guess, The New Hacker's |
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to hack — to cut, especially roughly, violently or in uneven |
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Dictionary, a collection of «in crowd» terms |
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compiled at |
MIT, is full of definitions of the |
pieces, укр. рубати |
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term «hacker»: |
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MIT — Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
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obsession — a fixed and often unreasonable idea with which |
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1. A person who enjoys exploring the |
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the mind is continually concerned укр. нав'язлива ідея |
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details of programmable systems and how to |
early — happening towards the beginning of a period of time |
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stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most |
укр. на початку. Compare: late — happening towards the |
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users who prefer to learn Only the minimum |
end of a period of time укр. наприкінці |
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necessary. |
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solely — only, hot including anything else укр. лише, |
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2. One who programs enthusiastically (even |
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obsessively) |
or who enjoys programming rather |
виключно |
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than just theorizing about programming... |
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mere —nothing more than; only укр. просто, не більш ніж |
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subject in question — under consideration, being talked |
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3. An expert or enthusiast of any kind. One |
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might be an astronomy hacker, for example. |
about укр. питання, що розглядається |
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intentional — done on purpose, deliberate укр.навмисний |
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In «Hackers» (1984), one of the best books |
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on the subject, |
Steven Levy |
noted |
in |
early |
to meddle (in, with) — to take too much interest or take |
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1960's, «a project undertaken or a product built |
action about |
other people's |
private affairs. |
Synonym: to |
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interfere (in) укр. утручатися |
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not solely to fulfill some constructive goal, but |
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malicious meddler — укр. той, хто зловмисно утручається |
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with some |
wild pleasure |
taken |
in |
mere |
* to poke around — to nose about, to search (in or for |
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involvement, was called a «hack». «Secrets of |
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something) |
by examining |
other people's |
business укр. |
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Super Hacker» |
(1994) |
by |
Knightmare, |
вишукувати |
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pseudonym |
for |
Dennis Fiery |
(which is |
itself |
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pretty harmless — укр. досить безпечний, нешкідливий |
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another pseudonym) offers this: «A hacker is a |
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to tempt — to persuade or attract (someone) to do something |
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person with an intense love of something, be it |
that seems pleasant or advantageous but may be unwise or |
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computers, writing, nature or sports. A hacker |
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immoral. Noun — temptation Synonyms: |
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is a person, |
who, because |
he |
or she has this |
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entice, lure, allure, seduction укр. спокуса |
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love, also has a deep curiosity about the subject |
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in
question... For a computer hacker that means he respects the ability of computers to put him in contact with a universe of information and other people, and it means he respects those other people, and does not intentionally use knowledge of computers to be destructive. Such a definition differs a lot from the final definition in the dictionary mentioned above:
4. A malicious meddler who tries to discover sensitive information by poking around. Hence password hacker, network hacker.
But many people really forget that hacking is pretty harmless as long as the hacker avoids the temptation to cross the line and become a «malicious meddler».
In order to counteract the bad press, the hacking community tried to divide itself into good guys and bad guys. In general, those people who just liked to play and learn tried to retain the name HACKER by creating the term CRACKER for the bad guys. For crackers a major motivating force is definition number eight of «The New Hacker's Dictionary» — breaking into systems
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without authorization and with malicious intent. In |
in any event — in any case укр. у будь-якому |
any event, the distinction has failed to catch on |
разі (випадку) |
outside the hacking community. All are still known as |
* to catch on — (informal) to become popular |
hackers. |
укр. набувати популярності |
The culture that we live in is being threatened by |
threat — an expression of an intention to hurt, |
an oversimplified image of hackers as criminals or |
punish, cause pain etc.. Synonym: menace |
vandals. Anyhow, a computer hacker needs to |
укр. загроза |
understand how computers work, to study them, to |
frontier — the border, the limit or edge укр. край |
learn programming. To hack means to be on the |
pace — rate or speed укр. швидкість, темп |
frontier, to be on the border. In computer science and |
* to come up with — to have an idea about укр. |
technology this border is |
спадати на думку |
constantly being pushed back, and at a tremendous pace. As science becomes more and more computational, we need to come up with a better understanding of the nature of human activity in the information age.
1.What is the subject of this passage?
2.Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English provides the following definition of the word «hacker» — someone who is able to use or change the information in other people's computers without their permission». Do you agree with this definition? Why?
3.What is the difference between hackers and crackers?
4.What are the positive and the negative sides of hacking? Express your opinion.
5.What is specific about subculture of hackers?
6.Why hackers are sometimes called «every security manager's worst nightmare» ? Give your reasons.
7.Why is the word «hacker» sometimes used as honorable connotation of the word «lawyer»? Give your reasons.
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Chapter 4 |
Exercise 1. Give English equivalents of:
виконувати одне завдання; трохи відмінний; розширяти можливості; лише, виключно; питання, що розглядається; поважати; навмисне використовувати; втручатися; набувати популярності, загрожувати; надто спрощений образ; величезна швидкість; краще розуміння; на початку 19 століття, наприкінці травня.
Exercise 2. Translate Ukrainian sentences into English. Then match the two columns:
1. |
На жаль, ця ідея не набула популярності. |
A. That is not the point in question, B. He did it on |
2. |
Сподіваюся, вам спаде на думку кращий план. |
purpose. |
3. |
Цей прилад з'явився наприкінці 20 століття. |
C. I hope you can come up with a better plan (than |
4. |
Він зробив це навмисне. |
this). |
5. |
Про це (питання) не йдеться (це питання не |
D. Unfortunately, this idea failed to catch on. |
розглядаеться). |
E. This device appeared in late 20th century. |
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Exercise 3. Render the following passage into Ukrainian.
A new philosophy of conceiving scientific theory is about to be born in the so-called computer laboratory, which, so to speak, stands half-way between theory and experiment.
Supercomputers will allow a whole new methodological research approach dealing with reformulation of the basic principles of economic and social systems. Thanks to these «artificial brains», it will soon be possible to model present and future reality with a degree of accuracy previously unseen.