111. Independent Work: Spinal Curves

Exercise 1. Write down the following words into your vocabulary, learn them.

curve [k3:v] вигин; кривизна; закруглення disorder [dis'o:d;>] розлад; відхилення; хвороба exaggeration [ig zasq^s'reifn] перебільшення hunchback ['h.\ntjb£ek] горбань lordosis [b:'dsusis] лордоз scoliosis [.sknli'sosis] сколіоз

curvature ['k3:v3tf3J кривизна; вигин, згин; викривлення compression [kDm'preJn] стиснення teen [ti:n] віком від 13 до 19 років

Exercise 2. Read the text, translate it.

Spinal Curves

There are three abnormalities of the spinal curves. An exaggeration of the thoracic curve is a hunchback, or kiphosis. An excessive lumbar curve is called lordosis. The most common of those disorders is scoliosis. This is a lateral curvature of the vertebral column. In extreme cases there may be compression of some of the internal organs.

Scoliosis occurs in the rapid growth period of the teens, more often in girls than in boys. Early discovery and treatment produce good results.

If the curvature is mild, the treatment may involve only exercises: sit-ups, exercises to stretch the spine, and breathing exercises may strengthen the muscles of the trunk enough to correct the situation. More severe scoliosis may require wearing a special leather brace or a plastic brace.

The use of specially designed electrical stimulation devices has met some success. The most severe scoliosis requires spinal fusion surgery.

Exercise 3. Find sentences with the infinitive, write them out, underline the infinitive, name its forms.

Exercise 4. Make up a plan of the text.

UNIT SIX

I	Speaking	Bones
II	Grammar	Functions of Infinitive in Sentences (§96)
III	Independent Work	At the Traumatologist's

I. Speaking: Bones

After careful study of this unit you should be able to:

- name three different types of bone cells;

- differentiate between compact bone and spongy bone with respect to structure and location;

• describe the structure of a long bone;

• differentiate between yellow and red marrow with respect to function and location;

• name the functions of the bones;

• describe five bone disorders;

• list and define six t\>pes of fractures.

Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words, remember their Latin/Greek equivalents.

English	Latin/Greek	Ukrainian
tissue	textus/histos	тканина
osseous	osseus	кістковий
enzyme	enzymum	фермент
osteoblasts	osteoblasti	остеобласти
osteocytes	osteocyti	остеоцити
osteclasts	osteoclasti	остеокласти
compact	compactus	компактний
spongy [-spAnd3i]	spongious	губчастий
red bone marrow ['msersu]	medulla ossium rubra	червоний кістковий мозок
yellow bone marrow	medulla ossium flava	жовтий кістковий мозок
diaphysis [dai'aefisis]	diaphysis	діафіз (тіло кістки)
epiphysis [i'pifisis]	epiphysis	епіфіз (кінець кістки)
cleft palate	palatum bifidum	розщеплене піднебіння
osteoporosis [ ,Dsti9upo: 'rsusis]	osteoporosis	остеопороз
osteomyelitis [,Dsti3u,maii'laitis]	octeomyelitis	остеомієліт
rickets ['rikits]	rhachitis	рахіт
tumor ['tjuims]	tumor/-oma	пухлина
aging ['еіазіп]		старіння
compound	compositus	складний
simple	simplex	простий
greenstick fracture		перелом за типом "зеленої гілки"
impacted [im'psektid]		сплющений (перелом)
spiral ['spairsl]		скручений/спіральний (перелом)
comminuted ['knminju:tid]		осколковий (перелом)
to put in plaster (of Paris)		накласти гіпс
to bend		згинати
to unbend		розгинати
to be knitted		зростатися (про зламані кістки)

Exercise 2. Read the texts, try to understand them using the vocabulary; make up a plan of each text.

Text A. Bones

Bones are organs with their own system of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. They are composed of bone tissue, called osseous tissue. Bone formation begins during the second and third months of embryonic life. At this time osteoblasts, or bone-building cells, become very active. Osteoblasts manufacture the intracellular material which is located between the cells and contains a protein called collagen.

Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain a bone, but they do not produce new bone tissue. Other cells, called osteoclasts, are responsible for the process of resorption, or the breakdown of a bone.

In the skeleton there are more than 200 bones of many different shapes. They may be flat (rib, skull), cube-shaped (wrist, ankle), or irregular (vertebrae).

The typical bones, which make up most of the arms and legs, are described as a long bone. It has a long shaft, called the diaphysis, which has a central marrow cavity and two irregular ends, epiphysys (see Fig. 6-1).

There are two types of bone tissue: compact and spongy. Compact tissue forms the shaft of long bones; it is located outside of other bones. Spongy tissue forms the ends of long bones, it is also located in the center of other bones.

Bones contain two kinds of marrow: red and yellow. Red marrow is found at the end of the long bones and at the center of other bones, which manufactures blood cells. Yellow marrow is found in the central

cavities of the long bones. It is largely fat.

Each bone is covered on the outside by the periosteum with blood and lymph vessels and nerves, and the endosteum, a thinner membrane which covers the marrow cavity of a bone.

Text B. Functions of Bones

Bones have a number of functions, many of which are not obvious. Some of these are listed below:

1. to serve as a firm framework for the entire body;

2. to protect such delicate structures as the brain and spinal cord;

3. to serve as levers, which are actuated by the muscles that are attached to them;

4) to serve as a storehouse for calcium, which may be resorbed into the blood if there isnot enough calcium in diet;

5) to produce blood cells (in the red marrow).

Text C. Disorders of Bones

We can divide the bones' disorders into some groups: miscellaneous disorders, metabolic disorders, curves of the spine, changes in aging, and fractures.

Cleft palate is deformation of the maxilla. Infants born with this defect have difficultly nursing, because their mouths communicate with the nasal cavities. Surgery is usually performed to correct this defect.

Osteoporosis is a disorder of bone formation, the lack of normal calcium deposits and a decrease in bone protein. The bones become fragile and break easily. Treatment has included administration of calcium daily throughout adult life.

Osteomyelitis is the inflammation of bones caused by pus-producing bacteria.

Tumors may be benign or malignant (osteosarcomas).

Rickets is a rare childhood disease, characterized by numerous bone deformities. The bones become soft and distorted. Deficiency of the active form of vitamin D prevents the absorption of calcium and phosphorus through the intestine.

The age also puts such changes as thinning of the intervertebral disks, the vertebral bodies may lose height, the costal cartilages become calcified and flexible.

The word fracture means "a break or a rupture of a bone". Fractures can be:

• compound, when the broken bone ruptured the skin;

• simple, when the break of a bone doesn't rupture the skin;

- greenstick fracture, when the bone splits in much the same way as a piece of green wood might (it is common for children);

- impacted, when the broken ends of the bone are jammed into each other;

• comminuted, in which there is more than one fracture line with several fragments resulting;

• spiral fracture, in which the bone has been twisted apart. These are relatively common in skiing accidents (Fig. 6-2).

Exercise 3. Look at Fig. 6-1 and describe a long bone.

Exercise 4. Explain the difference between the terms in each of the following pairs:

1. osteoblasts and osteoclasts;

2. red marrow and yellow marrow;

3. periosteum and endosteum;

4. compact bone and spongy bone;

5. epiphysis and diaphysis.

Exercise 5. Tell your group about five bone disorders.

Exercise 6. Name six types of fractures (use Fig. 6-2).

Exercise 7. Read the dialog and act it out. Traumatologist: What's happened? Patient: I fell down and hurt my leg. T: What troubles you now?

P: I feel a severe pain in my right leg and can't walk.

T: Show me your injured leg. Place it on the chair and take off the bandage. Move the joints of your leg.

P: 1 can't. It is painful.

T: Lie down on a coach, please. I'll examine your leg. Does it hurt you when 1 touch here?

P: No, it doesn't.

T: Is it painful at pressing?

P: Yes, it is.

T: Where is the pain more acute, here or there? P: Here.

T: Try to bend and to unbend your leg. Don't move it. Sit down, please. I believe you have a fracture. You need treatment. Do you agree to be hospitalized? P: No, I do not.

T: Then you'll be treated in your polyclinic. First it's necessary to X-ray your leg and give an injection with antitetanic serum. Then your leg will be put in plaster. Stay in your bed for one-two weeks. Then we'll take off the plaster. You'll do easy exercises and massage your leg.

P: Well, doctor, I'll follow your instructions.

T: Besides, I'll prescribe you some medicine and vitamins for the improvement of your general condition. Now the nurse will accompany you to the X-ray room. Then she will call in an ambulance to transport you home without delay.

P: Well, thank you.

Exercise 8. Answer the following questions.

1. What types of bone cells do you know?

2. What kinds of tissue are there in the bones?

3. What covers the bones outside?

4. What is the difference between red and yellow marrow?

5. What is the structure of a long bone?

6. What are the functions of the bones?

7. What bone disorders do you know?

8. What is the fracture and what kind of fractures can you name?