Lessons nineteen-twenty

I	Texts for Home Reading
II	Grammar Exercises

(Ці резервні заняття можна використати для читання пізнавальних текстів та закріплення граматичного матеріалу, вивченого протягом семестру)

І. Texts for Home Reading Text a Early Folk Medicine

The "medicine" of prehistoric man¹ was probably based on an animistic attitude towards disease. In this view, disease was caused by the devil², influence of the enemy, a demon, a god³, an animal and it was to be treated by means of dislodging the malevolent cause⁴. Early man may have attributed disease to a separation of soul and body⁵. In any case, there doubtless arose the class of men who claimed skill in the art of healing⁶, and whose methods of treatment included dancing, grimacing, sleight of hand⁷, and all the tricks of the magician⁸.

In some cases it was necessary to combine physical with physic methods; of this we have an excellent example in trephining, which originated as a means of permitting the escape of an evil spirit from the head of the victim, and which gradually became a method of treating skull fractures and various intracranial lesions⁹.

Notes:

'"medicine" of prehistoric man - доісторична медицина ^:to be caused by the devil - бути спричиненим злим духом ³god - бог

⁴to dislodge the malevolent cause - усувати лиху причину

Reparation of soul and body - відокремлення душі від тіла

⁶art of healing - мистецтво лікування

⁷sleight of hand - жонглерство

⁸tricks of the magician - чаклунські трюки/хитрощі

'intracranial lesion [1і:зп] - внутрішньочерепне ураження

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

Exercise 2. Write down new words in your vocabulary.

Exercise 3. Ask questions based on the text.

Text в Higher Education in Ukraine

There are different institutes and universities in almost all large cities of Ukraine. They train various specialists using such forms of education as daytime, part-time and extramural.

Young people between the age of 17 to 35 who have finished secondary or technical schools may enter universities or institutes.

To enter there many applicants take competitive examinations. Those who show good results at the examinations become first-year students.

During an academic year students must attend lectures on different subjects. They have practical classes and carry out laboratory experiments.

At the end of each term students take end-of-term tests and examinations. From the second year many students begin to do their research work. Senior students acquire their professional skills working at different enterprises or institutions. Medical students have their practical training in different hospitals and polyclinics.

On completion of study they take final examinations or present a graduation thesis. The course of study at most institutes lasts five years but doctors' training at some departments takes 6 years. After graduating from a medical institute young doctors work as interns during a certain period.

Higher schools of Ukraine have international ties with schools of other countries. Many young people from abroad come to Ukraine to get higher education. Then they return to their countries to work.

Our scientists have various contacts with specialists from many countries. They take an active part in numerous conferences, symposia, seminars which are held in Ukraine or abroad. These international contacts contribute a great deal to strengthening friendship and cooperation among the nations.

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. What forms of education do our institutes and universities use? 2. What age may young people enter an institute or a university at? 3. What examinations do applicants take to enter a higher educational establishment? 4. What must students do during the academic year? 5. When do a students take end-of-term tests and examinations? 6. Where do senior students acquire their professional skills? 7. Where do medical students have their practical training?

8. How long does a course of study last at different higher schools (institutes, universities)?

9. Do Ukrainian higher schools have ties with other countries? 10. What contacts do our scientists have with specialists from foreign countries?

Exercise 3. Make a plan of the text.