- •Unit three
- •Comments:
- •Exercise 6. Find words in the text synonymous in meaning to the following. Read the sentences containing them.
- •Exercise 9. What economic terms given in the text do the following definitions refer to?
- •Exercise 12. Translate the texts into Ukrainian.
- •Questions for economic reasoning and discussion
Exercise 12. Translate the texts into Ukrainian.
To some economists, economics as a social science may be divided into positive and normative ones. |
З точки зору деяких економістів економіка як суспільна наука може бути поділена на позитивну і нормативну. |
Positive economics looks at facts and avoids value judgements. |
Позитивна економічна теорія розглядає факти і уникає оціночних суджень |
Positive economics attempts to set forth* scientific statements about economic behavior |
Позитивна економічна теорія намагається сформулювати наукові твердження про економічну поведінку. |
Normative economics, in contrast, involves ethical precepts and value judgments about what the economy should be like or what particular policy should be recommended based on a given economic generalization* or relationship. |
З іншого боку нормативна економічна теорія включає в себе етичні правила і суб’єктивну оцінку щодо того, якою економіка має бути або яка певна частина політики була б рекомендована і основана на поданому економічному узагальненні або зв’язках. |
Positive economics looks into what the economy is actually like; normative economics examines whether certain conditions or aspects of the economy are desirable or not. |
Позитивна економічна теорія досліджує що економіка являє собою насправді; нормативна економічна теорія досліджує чи певні умови або аспекти економіки є бажаними чи ні. |
*to set forth - формулювати
*generalization - узагальнення
Exercise 13. Translate the sentences into English using the active vocabulary.
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Economics is the study how people make choices under the conditions of scarcity and how these choices affect total results of social activity. |
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The study of economics helps different economic units to use available resources efficiently. |
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The important economic issues in most cases can’t be solved with theories and models alone. |
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Microeconomics and macroeconomics are two basic branches of economics. |
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Micro approach focuses on how cause-and-effect relationships affect choices of individuals, businesses and society. |
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Macroeconomics studies how the choice of individual business units has an effect on the price level, total output and the level of unemployment in democracy. |
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To solve a difference existing between economists it’s necessary to make a distinction between positive and normative economics. |
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Positive economics involves assertions and predictions about world as it is. |
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Positive economics doesn’t focus on what results will be good or bad and what we should do. |
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Normative economics makes statements what should be and what should an individual, business and nation do. |
Exercise 14. Answer the following questions.
What is economics?
Why is economics considered a social science?
What is microeconomics?
What does microeconomics focus on?
Why does microeconomics not look into a specific individual’s behaviour?
Why does microeconomics trace cause-and-effect relationships?
What economic issues does microeconomics do with?
What is macroeconomics?
What economic issues does microeconomics look at?
Why does macroeconomics look into the total effect of individual choices?
What is the best place to begin an investigation of the economy?
What are two worlds that economists deal with?
What is an economic model?
What do economists use to explain or describe the “world that is”?
Why do economists use basic economic principles and economic models?
Why is it impossible to solve economic issues economic theories and models alone?
Why do economists make the positive-normative distinction?
What is the difference between positive economic statement and normative one?
What is positive economics concerned with?
Why does positive economics avoid value judgements?
Why do economists use positive economics?
What does normative economics deal with?
What does normative economics include?
Why is normative economics used to take decisions as for issues of equity, equality, and fairness?
Why can some economic issues never be decided by using facts?
What is the relationship between positive and normative economics?
