Reference to single investigations in the past: research topic as subject

Classical conditioning was first demonstrated experimentally by Pavlov (Smith, 2002). In his seminal study ...... The electronic spectroscopy of X was first studied by Smith and Douglas 1 in 1970 The acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between X and Y was first reported by Baeyer in 1872 X formed the central focus of a study by Smith (2002) in which the author found ...... X was originally isolated from Y in a soil sample from ...... (Wang et al., 1952). The way in which the X gene is regulated was studied extensively by Ho and colleagues (Ho et al. 1995 and 1998). To determine the effects of X, Zhao et al (2005) compared ......

Reference to what other writers do in their text (author as subject)

Smith (2003) identifies poor food, bad housing, inadequate hygiene and large families as the major causes of ...... Rao (2003) lists three reasons why the English language has become so dominant. These are: ...... Smith (2003) traces the development of Japanese history and philosophy during the 19th century. Jones(2003) provides in-depth analysis of the work of Aristotle showing its relevance to contemporary times. Smith (2003) draws our attention to distinctive categories of motivational beliefs often observed in ....... Smith (2003) defines evidence based medicine as the conscious, explicit and judicious use of ..... Rao (2003) highlights the need to break the link between economic growth and transport growth ...... Smith (2003) discusses the challenges and strategies for facilitating and promoting ...... Toh (2003) mentions the special situation of Singapore as an example of ..... Smith (2003) questions whether mainstream schools are the best environment for ...... Smith (2003) considers whether countries work well on cross-border issues such as ...... Smith (2003) uses examples of these various techniques as evidence that ......

In her major study, In her seminal article, In her classic critique of ......, In her case study of ......, In her review of ......, In her analysis of ......, In her introduction to ......,'

Smith (2004) identifies five characteristics of .......

Some analysts (eg Carnoy, 2002) have attempted to draw fine distinctions between ........ Other authors ( see Harbison, 2003; Kaplan, 2004) question the usefulness of such an approach.

Reference to other writers' ideas (author as subject)

According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.

Smith (2003)

points out argues maintains claims concludes suggests

that

preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world

 

Smith (2003)

argues for offers proposes suggests

an explanatory theory for each type of irrational belief.

This view is supported by Jones (2000) who writes ...... Smith argues that her data support O'Brien's (1988) view that ...... As Smith reminds us, .............. Elsewhere, Smith has argued that ......