- •1. Introduction. Es and their influence on a ability to live of the people
- •2. Classification and the notions of extreme situations and catastrophes.
- •1. Natural disasters:
- •3. The tasks and organization of a state service of medicine of catastrophes.
- •4. Basic features of a service mc in es.
- •5. Basic divisions of a service of mc.
- •Lecture №2
- •1. General principles of medical evacuation of the population in extreme situations.
- •3. The first aid.
- •2. Kinds and volume of medical aid.
- •The volume of the first medical aid:
- •4. Premedical aid.
- •5. The first doctor’s aid.
- •6. Qualified and specialized medical aid.
- •7. Medical sorting.
- •1. Introduction Characteristic of the main injury factors in catastrophes.
- •2. Characteristic of the amount and structure of population losses in catastrophes.
- •3. Medico-tactical characteristic of natural disasters.
- •1. Flood
- •2. Hurricanes and storms.
- •3. Earthquakes.
- •4. Snow avalanches, snow drifts and icings.
- •5. Lightning
- •6. Fires
- •Medico-tactical characteristic of transport catastrophes.
- •1. Aviation accidents.
- •2. Road - transport accidents.
- •3. Accidents on river and sea transport.
- •4. Railway accidents.
- •Medico-tactical characteristics of accidents.
- •Introduction.
- •Introduction.
- •Medico-tactical characteristic of accidents on chemically - dangerous enterprises.
- •The principal measures and means of protection from hata.
- •Medico-tactical characteristic of failures on radiation dangerous objects.
- •Protective measures of the staff and population.
- •Lecture №6
- •Extreme situations and disaster area
- •Medical help to children in catastrophes.
- •The plan of lecture
- •1. Behavior of the people in es and disaster area.
- •Organization of the psychiatric help at the stages of medical evacuation.
- •2. Peculiarities of organization of the medical help to children.
Lecture №2
‘Organisation of medical evacuation of the population in extreme situations’
THE PLAN OF LECTURE
General principles of medical evacuation of the population in extreme situations.
Kinds and volume of the medical aid
The first aid
Premedical aid
The first doctor’s aid
Qualified and specialised medical aid
Medical sorting
1. General principles of medical evacuation of the population in extreme situations.
In catastrophe the losses usually arise suddenly and their quantity, as a rule, exceeds the possibility of local and often territorial public health services in rendering first aid in the shortest time to save lives and prevent dangerous complications.
Such situations occurred with regularity and prediction in the history of mankind during wars. Therefore it is not accidental that for centuries it was military doctors who dealt with giving first aid during emergency situations. They intuitively realized and scientifically grounded (N.I. Pirogov, 1896), the special organization principles with simultaneous change of tactics of doctor’s activity. Principles and methods used in usual situations are ineffective in such situations. The analysis of problems of rendering aid in extreme situations and catastrophes proves, that there is no essential difference between principles of rendering of first aid in catastrophes of both peaceful, and military time.
The organization of terms of urgent medical aid is the main index of work efficacy of health services in extreme situations, since the outcome of many injuries depends on the maximal reduction of time from the moment of getting a trauma till the rendering of the first aid. To achieve this, a number of organizational measures called «medical evacuation of the population in extreme situations (MEP)» are suggested. The rescue of life of injureds and preservation of health of the population in the disaster area depends on precise interaction of rescue medical forces of immediate action, as well as exact organization of stage system of rendering of the urgent medical aid to casualties. In the disaster area as a rule, the searching-rescue work, reconnaissance, search, extrication of casualties, rendering of the first aid, exporting them to temporary assembly points are not carried out by medical personnel.
The essence of MEP is to organize timely and successive measures for giving first aid and treatment to victims at the stages of medical evacuation with obligatory transporting them from the center of destruction to medical establishments according to character of the received damage, i.e. under the medical indications. This forced division of the process of treatment in catastrophes resulted in necessity of development of the unified concept of pathogenesis, diagnostics and treatment of different injuries, obligatory for all medical staff. Its combination with uniform classification and medical documentation provides continuity and sequence of realization of medical measures at stages of medical evacuation.
Their timely fulfillment is achieved by fast intervention of forces and means of health services, correct organization of their work and rational evacuation of injureds beyond the disaster area. And the casualties are provided with all necessary kinds of the medical help in succession: urgent, premedical, medical, qualified and specialized medical help.
The term «a stage of medical evacuation» means forces and means of health services organized on the way of medical evacuation and intended for reception, medical sorting, rendering of the certain kinds of the medical help to the victims and (if necessary) to prepare them to the further evacuation.
At present in natural disasters and catastrophes we use the two-staged system of medical evacuation of casualties to the destination.
The first stage of medical evacuation is intended mainly for rendering urgent and the first medical aid in the disaster area, is saved medical establishments, points of the urgent medical aid organized by first aid teams, premedical and doctor-nurse teams arrived at the center of catastrophe from nearby medical establishments and medical points and doctor-nurse teams of military units, involved in conducting the rescue works.
The second stage of medical evacuation is existing and functioning outside the center of catastrophe, and additionally organized medical establishments intended to give all kinds of medical aid-qualified and specialized, combined in a category of hospital kinds of the medical aid, and treatment till the final outcome. This scheme of organization of urgent aid in extreme situations is considered to be the most expedient and efficient to fulfil its main task – to save the life of the maximal number of the victims in the centers of mass injury of the population.
It is quite natural, that the given scheme is not a dogmatic assertion, but a guide to action, as having got modern means of transportation and opportunities of realization of medical measures in the process of evacuation, the organization of the first stage of medical evacuation may not be necessary. On the other hand, depending on real conditions of conditions of the extreme situation and opportunities of the medical personnel, the rendering of first medical aid may be combined with the elements of the qualified medical aid at the first stage of medical evacuation. We should bear in mind that disregarding the size of the catastrophe and its kind, every injured person must be given first medical aid at the place of getting injury as all measures of this aid are directed at saving the life and prevention of development of dangerous severe complications.