4.Syntactic stylistic devices based on the reduction of sentence model (nominative sentences, elliptical sentences, break–in-the-narrative, asyndeton).

Nominative sentences - is a one-member sentence, which kernel component is expressed by a noun or noun-like element (gerund, numeral). 1) An aching business (J. Galsworthy). 2)Високий ранок, камінь не нагрітий. Сочистий кущ і поруч синя тінь. Вузьке від спеки річкове корито.Уламки скель. Акварилева рінь (Є Маланюк).\

Elliptical sentence - is such a syntactic structure in which there is no subject or predicate. The main part are omitted intentionally in case when they are semantically redundant Ellipsis sentences can be not viewed a stylistic devices in direct intercourse. Ellipses make expressive when use in literature as a means of imitating real speech, it safe the speaker from needless efforts spares his time

Hallo, who are you? – the staff

Aposiopesis (Break –in-the-narrative) - is realized through the incompleteness of the sentence structure, though this incompleteness is of different structural and semantic nature.1) I do apologize, Madam, I feel so… I would not have troubled… (S. Hill).

Asyndeton and Apokoinu constructions - is deliberate omission of structurally significant conjunctions and connectives. 1) Who makes fame? Critics, writers, stockbrokers, women (S. Maugham ).2) Ящірка перебігла обніжок, дикі бджоли гудуть медом, ховрашок свистить, цвіркунці одно пиляють у свої скрипки (Ю. Яновський).

2.Meaning from a stylistic point of view. Stylistic devices based on the polysemantic effect.

Meaning – the set of semantic features which make up the semantic structure of the word and can be discovered only in the process of linguistic analysis.

Sense - the minimum variable semantic content of a word in speech, while meaning is assumed to be a minimal invariant semantic content. When we speak about polysemy, we mean that word can be used in different senses when distinctive semantic components in meaning are realized in speech they make up the sense of the word.

The two main types of word-meaning are the grammatical and the lexical meanings found in all words. The interrelation of these two types of meaning may be different in different groups of words.

Grammatical meaning – the component of meaning recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words, as, e.g., the tense meaning in the word-forms of verbs (asked, thought, walked, etc.) or the case meaning in the word-forms of various nouns (girl’s, boy’s, night’s, etc.).

Lexical meaning - component of meaning proper to the word as a linguistic unit, i.e. recurrent in all the forms of this word, e.g. the same semantic component denoting the process of movement.

Lexical meaning is viewed as possessing denotational and connotational components.

The denotational component is actually what makes communication possible. Users of a language cannot have any knowledge or thought of the objects or phenomena of the real world around them unless this knowledge is ultimately embodied in words which have essentially the same meaning for all speakers of that language, that is the denotational component .The connotational component comprises the stylistic reference and the emotive charge proper to the word as a linguistic unit in the given language system.

Polysemy exists only in language not in speech. Polysemy – total sum of many contexts in which a word may occur, permits us to observe and record cases of identical senses, cases that differ in sense. Monosemantic words, i.e. words having only one meaning are comparatively few in number, these are mainly scientific terms, such -as hydrogen, molecule and the like. The bulk of English words are polysemantic, that is to say possess more than one meaning.

The problem of polysemy is mainly the problem of interrelation and interdependence of the various meanings of the same word.

Polysemy viewed diachronically is a historical change in the semantic structure of the word resulting in disappearance of some meanings (or) and in new meanings being added to the ones already existing and also in the rearrangement of these meanings in its semantic structure.

Polysemy viewed synchronically is understood as coexistence of the various meanings of the same word at a certain historical period and the arrangement of these meanings in the semantic structure of the word