31.Word Formation: Affixation. Inflectional and derivational affixes.

It’s a process of creating new words from material available in the language after a certain structural and semantic formulas and pattern, forming words by combining root & affix morphemes.

2 Types of word formation:

1) Compounding (словосложение)

2) Word – derivation

Within the types further distinction may be made between the ways of forming words. The basic way of forming words is word-derivation affixation and conversion apart from this shortening and a number of minor ways of formal words such as back-forming, blending, sound imitation are traditionally referred to formation.

Different types of word formation:

Affixation is the formation of new words by means of suffixes and prefixes to stems\basis.

Affixational morphemes include inflectional affixes or inflections and derivational affixes. Inflections carry only grammatical meaning and are thus relevant only for the formation of word-forms. Derivational affixes are relevant for building various types of words. They are lexically always dependent on the root which they modify. They possess the same types of meaning as found in roots, most of them have the part-of-speech meaning which makes them structurally the important part of the word as they condition the lexico-grammatical class the word belongs to. Due to this component of their meaning the derivational affixes are classified into affixes building different parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs.

Roots and derivational affixes are generally easily distinguished and the difference between them is clearly felt as, e.g., in the words helpless, handy, blackness, Londoner, refill, etc.: the root-morphemes help-, hand-, black-, London-, fill-, are understood as the lexical centers of the words, and –less, -y, -ness, -er, re- are felt as morphemes dependent on these roots.

Distinction is also made of free and bound morphemes.

31. Word Formation: Compounding. Classification of compounds.

Compounding & word comparison. Compound words are made of 2 derivational stems. The types of structure of CW: neutral, morphological &syntactic.

In neutral compound the process is released without any linking elements sunflower. There are three types of neutral compounds simple compounds went a compound consist of a simple affixes stems.

Derivate/ derivational compound - has affixes babysitter.

Contracted – has a shorten stems. TV-set

Morphological C – few in number. This type is non productive. Represented by words, where 2 stems are combined by a linking vowel/ consonant Anglo-Saxon, statesman, craftsmanship.

Syntactic C – formed of segments of speech preserving articles, prepositions, adverbs. Mother-in-law

32. Word Formation: Conversion, Blending, Shortening.

Conversion (zero derivation) it is one of the major ways of enriching EV & referrers to the numerous cases of phonetic identity of word forms of 2 words belonging to different part of speech.. The new word has a meaning which differs from that of original one though it can >< be associated with it. nurse (noun) to nurse – to feed

A certain stem is used for the formation of a categorically different word without a derivative element being added.

Bag – to bag, Back – to back , Bottle – to bottle This specific pattern is very productive in English

The most popular types are noun →verb or verb→noun To take off – a take off

Conversion can be total or partial. Partial: the then president (тогдашний). An adverb is used as an adjective, only in this particular context. Total: work – to work

Conversion may be the result of shading of English endings. The historical changes may be briefly outlined as follows: in O.E. a verb and a noun of the same root were distinguished by their endings. For ex: the verb ‘to love’ had a form (Old Eng.) ‘lufian’. This verb had personal conjunctions. The noun ‘love’ had the form ‘lufu’ with different case endings. But in the course of time, the personal and case endings were lost. There are numerous pairs of words (e. g. love, n. — to love, v.; work, n. — to work, v.; drink, n. — to drink, v., etc.) which did, not occur due to conversion but coincided as a result of certain historical processes (dropping of endings, simplification of stems) when before that they had different forms (e. g. O. E. lufu, n. — lufian, v.).

The two categories of parts of speech especially affected by conversion are nouns and verbs. Verbs made from nouns are the most numerous amongst the words produced by conversion: e. g. to hand, to back, to face, to eye, to mouth, to nose, to dog, to wolf, to monkey, to can, to coal, to stage, to screen, to room, to floor, to blackmail, to blacklist, to honeymoon, and very many others.

Nouns are frequently made from verbs: do (e. g. This is the queerest do I''ve ever come across. Do — event, incident), go (e. g. He has still plenty of go at his age. Go — energy), make, run, find, catch, cut, walk, worry, show, move, etc. Verbs can also be made from adjectives: to pale, to yellow, to cool, to grey, to rough (e. g. We decided to rough it in the tents as the weather was warm), etc.

Other parts of speech are not entirely unsusceptible to conversion as the following examples show: to down, to out (as in a newspaper heading Diplomatist Outed from Budapest), the ups and downs, the ins and outs, like, n, (as in the like of me and the like of you).

Is blending part of two words to form one word (merging into one word)

• Smoke + fog = smog

• Breakfast + lunch = brunch

• Smoke + haze = smaze (дымка)

- addictive type: they are transformable into a phrase consisting of two words combined by a conjunction “and”

• smog → smoke & fog

- blending of restrictive type: transformable into an attributive phrase, where the first element serves as modifier of a second.

• Positron – positive electron

• Medicare – medical care

Shortening. There are 2 ways of producing them:

1. The word is formed from the syllable of the original word which in term may loose its beginning –phone, its ending vac (vacation) or both fridge.

2. The word is formed from the initial letter of a word group BB, bf – boyfriend. Acronyms are shorten words but read as one UNO [ju:nou]