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2. Similar to the above-given example change the following sentences for as many various registers as possible:

1) He ran quickly into the shop, knocking over an old woman. 2) She drove angrily up the hill, shouting through the window.

Suggestions for various registers for sentence # 1:

You should have seen;

Knocked over; blue-eyed, 25-year-old bachelor;

Like lightning, a poor old lady;

Hurrying shopper, public danger;

A sight to upset all those who care;

Strong desire to run, unaware of;

Action-filled, adventurous, most unusual, original;

Into the premises of Messrs Smith and Company, came into collision with;

Ladies and gentleman of the jury, You have heard this morning how...;

SHOPPER-IN-A-HURRY;

Bloke, old girl;

Shot into, flew into, tore into, tipping over, overturning.

3. Read the passage from the story “By Courier” by the American writer O’Henry. The humorous effect is based on the difference in stylistic registers. Find stylistic devices and expressive means which make the second passage different from the first one:

The original message: “Tell her I am on my way to the station, to leave for san Fransisco, where I shall join that Alaska moosehunting expedition. Tell her that, since she has commanded me neither to speak nor to write to her, I take this means of making one last appeal to her sense of justice, for the sake of what has been. Tell her that to condemn and discard one who has not deserved such treatment, without giving him her reason or a chance to explain its contrary to her nature as I believ it to be.”

The message was delivered as follows: “ He told me to tell yer he’s got his collars and cuffs in dat grip for a scoot clean out to ‘Frisco. Den he’s goin to shoot showbirds in de Klondike. He says yer told him to send ‘round no more pink notes nor come hangin’ over de garden gate, and he takes dis mean of putting yer wise. He says yer referred to him like a has-been, and never give him no chance to kick at de decision. He says yer swiled him and never said why.”

SPOKEN MODE

WRITTEN MODE

Context and Background Factors

  • Primary – both individuals and languages develop speech before writing.

  • ‘Natural’, no equipment is required.

  • Taken for granted, devalued.

  • Aural; organized in time; transmitted over small spaces only until the 20th century developmnet of telephones, sound recording, electronic media; transient; spontaneous.

  • Addressee typically present; dialogic;dynamic, interactive, open-ended;immediate feedback;context-bound; presence of intonation and body language.

  • Best suited for phatic exchanges and spontaneous, cooperative, immediate development of ideas.

  • Secondary – must follow speech.

  • Learnt. Specific equipment necessary.

  • Prestigious,highly valued.

  • Visual; organized in space; transmitted over considerable space and time; permanent; prepared.

  • Addressee typically absent; monologic; staic, closed; delayed feedback, if any; context-free; punctuation and layout.

  • Best suited for complex material development of ideas allows planning, revision, inclusion of maps, graphs, diagrams, figures and formulae.

Language characterized by:

.

  • Problems due to pressure on the speaker: pauses, fillers (er, um), hesitations, breakdown in sentence organization, repetitions, interjections and discourse markers (oh, well, yeah)

  • Strategies of addressee involvement: first and second pronouns, interrogative tags, imperatives, interrogatives, ‘markers of sympathetic circularity’(I mean, you know, sort of, like)

  • Syntactic features: lack of clear sentence boundaries’ ‘minor’ sentences; clause complexity; coordination.

  • Lexical features: deictic reference; informal, vague; lexically sparse; slang, cliches, idiomatic expressions; hedges and emphatics (sort of, really).

  • Less audience-involving,

third person pronouns, declaratives.

  • Clear sentence boundaries; complete, ‘major’ sentences; phrase complexity; subordination.

  • Precise reference; more formal, precise; lexically dense; heavily nominalised.