8. Времена группы Perfect

8.1. Настоящее завершенное время

Present Perfect Tense

Образование: “have” или “has” (в 3 л. ед. ч.) + глагол с окончанием -ed или 3-я форма глагола, если он неправильный (have / has Ved / III) – have / has worked, have / has written.

Для образования вопросительных и отрицательных форм используются “have” и “has”.

Показатели времени Present Perfect: ever, never, already, yet, today, this week (month, year), just, lately, recently, so far, for, since.

Positive Form	Negative Form	General Question
We have read this book. He has written 2 letters today	We have not read this book. He has not written 2 letters today	Have we read this book? Has he written 2 letters today?

Общий вопрос (General Question) требует краткого ответа:

• Has he written 2 letters today? – Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.

Разделительный вопрос (Disjunctive Question):

• He has written 2 letters today, hasn’t he?

• He hasn’t written 2 letters today, has he?

Специальный вопрос (Special Question):

Порядок слов:

1. Вопросительное слово.

2. Вспомогательный глагол (have, has).

3. Подлежащее.

4. Основной (смысловой) глагол.

• What has he written today?

Вопрос к подлежащему задается в 3 л. ед. ч.:

• Who has written 2 letters today?

The Present Perfect Tense употребляется:

1. Для выражения действия, совершившегося к настоящему моменту, результат которого имеется налицо в настоящем времени.

• I have lost my keys.

• The manager has returned.

2. Со следующими

а) наречиями: ever, never, just, already, yet, lately, recently:

• I’ve never been to the USA.

• Have you ever been to Italy?

• He has just answered the question,

б) словосочетаниями: this morning (evening, week, moth, year) и словом today:

• I haven’t seen him today.

• We have met him this evening,

в) предлогами: for, since:

• We have known him for years.

• I haven’t seen her since May,

г) выражением: this (it) is the first (second) time:

• This is the first time I have driven a car,

д) прилагательными в превосходной степени:

• This is the most sociable girl I have ever seen.

Примечание (Note). Present Perfect никогда не употребляется в вопросах, начинающихся со слова “when”, а употребляется Past Indefinite:

• When did you arrive?

8.2. Прошедшее завершенное время

Past Perfect Tense

Образование: “had” + глагол с окончанием -ed или 3-я форма глагола, если он неправильный (had Ved / III) – had worked, had written.

Для образования вопросительных и отрицательных форм используется “had”.

Показатель времени Present Perfect: предлог “by”: by 3 o’clock, by Sunday, by that time, by the end of the year.

Positive Form	Negative Form	General Question
He had written a composition by 5 o’clock yesterday	He had not written a composition by 5 o’clock yesterday	Had he written a composition by 5 o’clock yesterday?

Общий вопрос (General Question) требует краткого ответа:

• Had he written a composition by 5 o’clock yesterday? – Yes, he had. / No, he hadn’t.

Разделительный вопрос (Disjunctive Question):

• He had written a composition by 5 o’clock yesterday, hadn’t he?

• He hadn’t written a composition by 5 o’clock yesterday, had he?

Специальный вопрос (Special Question):

Порядок слов:

1. Вопросительное слово.

2. Вспомогательный глагол (had).

3. Подлежащее.

4. Основной (смысловой) глагол.

• What had he written by 5 o’clock yesterday?

Вопрос к подлежащему – прямой порядок слов:

• Who had written a composition by 5 o’clock yesterday?

The Past Perfect Tense употребляется:

1) для выражения прошедшего действия, совершившегося к определенному моменту в прошлом. Этот момент может быть указан:

а) словосочетанием с предлогом “by”:

• He had finished his work by 5 o’clock yesterday.

• He had learnt to speak English by the end of the year,

б) другим прошедшим действием, выраженным глаголом в Past Indefinite:

• He had written his composition when I called him.

• After he had written his composition, he went for a walk,

2) с союзами: hardly (scarcely) … when, no sooner … than:

• He had hardly entered the room when the telephone rang. (Hardly had he entered the room when the telephone rang.)

• No sooner they had arrived than it started to rain. (No sooner had they arrived than it started to rain.)