Comprehensive reading

Exercise 10. Read the texts and be ready to speak about the following aspects:

• the main sense of the text

• the structure of the text

• the possible questions to the main parts of the text

Port Regulation

For ensuring safe navigation and proper order within the port includes supervision for adherence to shipping regulations, registration of vessels in the State Register of Shipping, organization of pilotage and towage service and other functions of Port Operations Management.

Port operations management is effected by three channels. The higher channel controls port operations as a whole and includes the operations, shipping, technology, personnel, administrative, harbor master’s and other functional services/departments. Safety of shipping and proper order in the port as well as port operations, commerce and shipping departments are the responsibilities of the harbor master.

The middle channel of management controls cargo handling complexes and other production units of the port such as port auxiliary service fleet and repair and maintenance shops and others.

The lower channel of the management is involved in a direct control of cargo handling operations on berths and in warehouses. This control is effected by chief stevedores, warehouse superintendents and stevedore gang foremen.

To perform economic and administrative functions seaports have water areas, land territories, warehouses and open storage facilities, cargo handling facilities, passenger terminals, approach ways for railway and motor transport and an adequate personnel.

Dues and charges for services rendered to foreign ships, such as tonnage, canal, berth and pilotage dues and mooring/unmooring, shifting, towage, lighterage and cranage charges are paid in accordance with the port tariffs being in force. No work is available on official holidays usually. Some weekend work is possible at certain berths only at overtime rate.

Port Facilities

The port is managed by the general director and his deputy general director operational that is responsible for the forwarding service, the cargo loading/unloading, organisation service and the commerce service. The cargo loading/unloading operations are effected by a number of stevedoring companies. The main production units of the service are cargo handling complexes organizing and performing loading/discharging and other cargo operations such as reception, warehousing, storage, securing of cargo and etc.

Some complexes specialize in handling specific types of cargoes, for example, general cargo and in servicing specific cargo traffic routes. Each cargo, handling complex comprises terminals, complex stevedore gangs, traffic control service, warehouse and open storage personnel and is headed by the superintendent.

To facilitate and improve port management seaports are provided with information computing centres equipped with most up-to-date sophisticated computers. As a result, such everyday management problems as drawing up cargo plans and optimal technological plans-schedules for handling each particular vessel and operations of each particular cargo handling complex - and a lot of other problems – are solved by computers. Modern ports are well equipped and mechanized for handling all types of cargoes. For handling containers there are container bridges. Several shore-based and floating cranes of 15 to 100 tons capacity and a number of loaders are available in case of need.

1.		twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) - условная единица измерения количественной стороны транспортных потоков, пропускной способности контейнерных терминалов или вместимости грузовых транспортных средств. Эквивалентна размерам ISO-контейнера длиной 20 футов (6,1 м).
	2.		towage	буксировка
	3.		shipping	движение судов в пределах порта
	4.		(work)shop	мастерская
	5.		dues, charges, overtime rate	пошлины, сборы, сверхурочная оплата
	6.		shifting	перешвартовка, перемещение
	7.		lighterage	разгрузка/погрузка (или оплата) судов лихтерами
	8.		cranage	пользование кранами (или оплата)
	9.		reception	прием
	10.		deputy general director	заместитель начальника порта по эксплуатации
	11.		forwarding	переправка, экспедиторские операции
	12.		to overtake	обгонять
	13.		handling	транспортировка
	14.		stacking	укладка (складывание) в пачку
	15.		chariot	автоматизированное транспортное средство
	16.		automated guided vehicles (AGV)	робокар; автоматически управляемая тележка
	17.		unmanned	управляемый автоматически
	18.		magnetic grid; hub	магнитный чип или сетка; сеть или центр
	19.		Automated Stacking Cranes (ASC)	автоматически управляемые сортировочные краны
	20.		to lack	испытывать недостаток
	21.		to retain	сохранять
	22.		to refine	перерабатывать, очищать
	23.		to comprise	включать

Exercise 11. Work in pairs. Choose one of the texts and then answer the following questions.

• Where is the former/second/later port located?

• What are the main characteristics of the former/second/later port?

• What is cargo handling equipment of the former/second/later port?

• What are the storage facilities of the former/second/later port?

• Which of these two ports is the biggest one?