- •Grammar in the systemic conception of language study. Its connections with logic and linguistic sciences such as phonology, lexicology and stylistics.
- •2. The morphemic structure of the word. Classification of morphemes: lexical, functional, derivational morphemes; free, bound morphemes; zero morphemes.
- •4. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in grammar. The notions of a syntagm and a paradigm. Types of syntagms in English.
- •7. The categories of gender and number.
- •8. The categories of case and article determination.
- •9. The adjective and stative. Classification of adjectives (qualitative and relative). Degrees of comparison. The adverb.
- •11. The categories of tense and voice.
- •12. The category of mood.
- •13. The categories of aspect and perfect.
- •17. Compound and complex sentences. Coordinative and subordinative connection of clauses. Types of subordinate clauses. Sentences with secondary predication or semi-composite sentences.
11. The categories of tense and voice.
We should distinguish time as a philosophic concept a tense as a grammatical category. Time is a human perception of events related to the spheres of the present, past and future. Tense is a language category which exists in the correlation of grammatical forms. The forms are mutually opposed to each other. In English grammar we should not mix up tense and aspect, tense and perfect. The category of tense is different from aspect in the way that it denotes only the timing of an action in the present, past and future. Unlike aspect and Perfect tense does not indicate the inner qualities of an action (whether it is a process or a completed act).
Speaking about the verbal tense forms in English we must admit that sometimes present is not used to denote the present. In some cases present is used instead of past or future. The present is sometimes used to denote a past event in emotional speech like in the example: “I enter, and whom do you think I see?”
Pr. Vlokh distinguishes 2 temporal planes in English grammar. That is primary time and prospective time. In primary time the past is opposed to the present and the prospective time the future is opposed to non-future.
Primary time Prospective time
Came will come would come
Comes come(s) came
The first category(Primary) is absolute, that is the time denotation is related to the moment of speech. The factual expression of time either directly states the astronomical time of an event, or else conveys this meaning in terms of historical landmarks.(in the year 1066, during the time of the First World War, at the early period of civilisation, etc.)
The second category (prospective) is relative that is the time denotation is related to a certain moment in the past or present other than the moment of speech. The relative expression of time correlates two or more events showing some of them either as preceding the others, or following the others, or happening at one and the same time with them.( after that, at an interval of a day or two, at different times, etc).
Voice. Voice is the verbal category which denotes the relation of the action to the participants of communication, to be more precise voice shows the relations between the subject, predicate and object in a sentence.
There are two main voices active and passive. In the active the subject performs an action which effects a certain object. In the passive the subject is inactive, it is effected by the action performed by an object.
VERBS
SUBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE
TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE
Passive (direct, indirect, prepositional)
Voice distinctions are typical of finite and non-finite forms of the verbs. It means that the infinitive, gerund, participle have both – active and passive forms like the corresponding finite forms. It is important to mention that in english passive structures are more frequently used than in Russian, in Russian the passive is confined to transitive verbs only. In English passive is more variable.
Minor voices
Reflexive voice (Возвратный залог) e.g. he hurt himself
Reciprocal voice e.g. they greeted each other
Middle voice