- •Air sampling and industrial hygiene engineering. Martha j. Boss & Dennis w. Day
- •4.1 Definitions
- •4.2 Example—outline of bulk sampling qa/qc procedure
- •4.3 Example—outline of the niosh 7400 qa procedure
- •4.3.1 Precision: Laboratory Uses a Precision of 0.45
- •4.3.2 Precision: Laboratory Uses a Precision sr that is Better Than 0.45
- •4.3.3 Records to Be Kept in a qa/qc System
- •4.3.4 Field Monitoring Procedures—Air Sample
- •4.3.5 Calibration
- •4.4 Sampling and analytical errors
- •95% Confident That the Employer Is in Compliance
- •95% Confident That the Employer Is not in Compliance
- •4.5 Sampling methods
- •4.5.1 Full-Period, Continuous Single Sampling
- •4.5.2 Full-Period, Consecutive Sampling
- •4.5.3 Grab Sampling
- •4.6 Calculations
- •4.6.1 Calculation Method for a Full-Period, Continuous Single Sample
- •4.6.2 Sample Calculation for a Full-Period, Continuous Single Sample
- •4.6.3 Calculation Method for a Full-Period Consecutive Sampling
- •4.7 Grab sampling
- •4.8 Saes—exposure to chemical mixtures
- •5.1 Baseline risk assessment
- •5.2 Conceptual site model
- •5.2.1 Source Areas
- •5.2.2 Possible Receptors
- •5.3 Chemicals of potential concern
- •5.4 Human health blra criteria
- •5.5 Toxicity assessment
- •5.6 Toxicological profiles
- •5.7 Uncertainties related to toxicity information
- •5.8 Potentially exposed populations
- •5.8.1 Exposure Pathways
- •5.8.2 Sources
- •5.9 Environmental fate and transport of copCs
- •5.10 Exposure points and exposure routes
- •5.11 Complete exposure pathways evaluated
- •5.12 Ecological risk assessment
- •5.13 Data evaluation and data gaps
- •5.14 Uncertainties
- •5.14.1 Uncertainties Related to Toxicity Information
- •5.14.2 Uncertainties in the Exposure Assessment
- •5.15 Risk characterization
- •5.16 Headspace monitoring—volatiles
- •5.18 Industrial monitoring—process safety management
- •5.19 Bulk samples
- •6.1 Fungi, molds, and risk
- •6.1.1 What Is the Difference between Molds, Fungi, and Yeasts?
- •6.1.2 How Would I Become Exposed to Fungi That Would Create a Health Effect?
- •6.1.3 What Types of Molds Are Commonly Found Indoors?
- •6.1.4 Are Mold Counts Helpful?
- •6.1.5 What Can Happen with Mold-Caused Health Disorders?
- •6.2 Biological agents and fungi types
- •6.2.1 Alternaria
- •6.3 Aspergillus
- •6.4 Penicillium
- •6.5 Fungi and disease
- •6.6 Fungi control
- •6.6.1 Ubiquitous Fungi
- •6.6.2 Infection
- •6.6.3 Immediate Worker Protection
- •6.6.4 Decontamination
- •6.6.5 Fungi and voCs
- •6.6.6 Controlling Fungi
- •6.7 Abatement
- •Indoor Air Quality and Environments
- •7.1 Ventilation design guide
- •7.2 Example design conditions guidance
- •7.2.1 Outside Design Conditions
- •7.2.2 Inside Design Conditions
- •7.3 Mechanical room layout requirements
- •7.4 Electrical equipment/panel coordination
- •7.5 General piping requirements
- •7.6 Roof-mounted equipment
- •7.7 Vibration isolation/equipment pads
- •7.8 Instrumentation
- •7.9 Redundancy
- •7.10 Exterior heat distribution system
- •7.10.1 Determination of Existing Heat Distribution Systems
- •7.10.2 Selection of Heat Distribution Systems
- •7.10.2.1 Ag Systems
- •7.10.2.2 Cst Systems
- •7.10.2.3 Buried Conduit (preapproved type)
- •7.10.2.4 Buried Conduit (not preapproved type)
- •7.11 Thermal insulation of mechanical systems
- •7.12 Plumbing system
- •7.12.1 Piping Run
- •7.13 Compressed air system
- •7.13.1 Compressor Selection and Analysis
- •7.13.2 Compressor Capacity
- •7.13.3 Compressor Location and Foundations
- •7.13.4 Makeup Air
- •7.13.5 Compressed Air Outlets
- •7.13.6 Refrigerated Dryer
- •7.14.5 Outdoor Air Intakes
- •7.14.6 Filtration
- •7.14 Air supply and distribution system
- •7.14.1 Basic Design Principles
- •7.14.2 Temperature Settings
- •7.14.3 Air-Conditioning Loads
- •7.14.4 Infiltration
- •7.14.7 Economizer Cycle
- •7.15 Ductwork design
- •7.15.3 Evaporative Cooling
- •7.16 Ventilation and exhaust systems
- •7.16.1 Supply and Exhaust Fans
- •7.17 Testing, adjusting, and balancing of hvac systems
- •7.18 Ventilation adequacy
- •7.19 Laboratory fume hood performance criteria
- •7.20 Flow hoods
- •7.21 Thermoanemometers
- •7.22 Other velometers
7.13 Compressed air system
Low-pressure compressed air systems have a maximum design operating pressure of 200 psig (1378 kPa), including piping and compressors. Compressed air systems must be
designed in accordance with ASME B19.1-1985 and B19.1a-1985, Safety Standards for Compressor Systems, the current version.
7.13.1 Compressor Selection and Analysis
A central compressed air system will be utilized to serve multiple points of use. Compressors and all accessories will conform to American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) B19.1 and B19.3; ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, PTC-9 & PTC-10; and the Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society (ISA) S7.3, as applicable.
Where lubricating oils cannot be tolerated at the point of use, oil-free air com pressors will be used.
For isolated areas where oil-free air is required in a nonoil-free compressed air system, coalescing filters may be used to remove solids, moisture, and oil from the airstream in lieu of an oil-free compressor.
Comparisons of such items including, but not limited to, brake horsepower (bhp) per 100 CFM (47.2 1/s), unloaded horsepower, expected compressor life, and expected operation and maintenance costs should be made between the different types of compressors before a final selection is made.
7.13.2 Compressor Capacity
The total air requirement will not be based on the total of individual maximum requirements, but will based on the sum of the average air consumption of air-operated devices. Determination of the average air consumption is based on the concept of load factor (the ratio of actual air consumption to the maximum continuous fully loaded air consumption).
The Compressed Air and Gas Institute (CAGI) Compressed Air and Gas Handbook explains the procedure for using load factors to determine compressor capacity. After making the calculation, add 10% to the estimated consumption for air leakage. The total air is the calculated compressor capacity required for design. More capacity may be added to allow for future growth of the facility or serviced area over the next 2 years.
7.13.3 Compressor Location and Foundations
Locate compressors within a ground floor utility or mechanical equipment room with adequate space to permit easy access for cleaning, inspection, and any necessary dismantling. Adequate aisle space is also needed between equipment for normal maintenance as well as for equipment removal and replacement. Foundations that are isolated from the building structure should be provided for all compressors.
7.13.4 Makeup Air
For large air compressors located in closed mechanical rooms, a wall opening should be provided for makeup air. Exterior wall openings should be provided with louvers and motorized dampers.
7.13.5 Compressed Air Outlets
A ball valve, a pressure-reducing valve, a filter, and a quick-disconnect coupling should be provided at each compressed air outlet.
7.13.6 Refrigerated Dryer
Some compressed air applications require moisture removal in addition to that provided by an aftercooler. Such commercial applications include paint spraying, sandblasting, the use of air-operated tools and devices, pneumatic automatic temperature controls, lines run outside in cold or subfreezing locations, and lines passing through cold storage rooms. Where moisture removal is required, provide a refrigerated type air dryer located downstream from the compressor initial exhaust duct area and prior to discharge to the environment.