- •Air sampling and industrial hygiene engineering. Martha j. Boss & Dennis w. Day
- •4.1 Definitions
- •4.2 Example—outline of bulk sampling qa/qc procedure
- •4.3 Example—outline of the niosh 7400 qa procedure
- •4.3.1 Precision: Laboratory Uses a Precision of 0.45
- •4.3.2 Precision: Laboratory Uses a Precision sr that is Better Than 0.45
- •4.3.3 Records to Be Kept in a qa/qc System
- •4.3.4 Field Monitoring Procedures—Air Sample
- •4.3.5 Calibration
- •4.4 Sampling and analytical errors
- •95% Confident That the Employer Is in Compliance
- •95% Confident That the Employer Is not in Compliance
- •4.5 Sampling methods
- •4.5.1 Full-Period, Continuous Single Sampling
- •4.5.2 Full-Period, Consecutive Sampling
- •4.5.3 Grab Sampling
- •4.6 Calculations
- •4.6.1 Calculation Method for a Full-Period, Continuous Single Sample
- •4.6.2 Sample Calculation for a Full-Period, Continuous Single Sample
- •4.6.3 Calculation Method for a Full-Period Consecutive Sampling
- •4.7 Grab sampling
- •4.8 Saes—exposure to chemical mixtures
- •5.1 Baseline risk assessment
- •5.2 Conceptual site model
- •5.2.1 Source Areas
- •5.2.2 Possible Receptors
- •5.3 Chemicals of potential concern
- •5.4 Human health blra criteria
- •5.5 Toxicity assessment
- •5.6 Toxicological profiles
- •5.7 Uncertainties related to toxicity information
- •5.8 Potentially exposed populations
- •5.8.1 Exposure Pathways
- •5.8.2 Sources
- •5.9 Environmental fate and transport of copCs
- •5.10 Exposure points and exposure routes
- •5.11 Complete exposure pathways evaluated
- •5.12 Ecological risk assessment
- •5.13 Data evaluation and data gaps
- •5.14 Uncertainties
- •5.14.1 Uncertainties Related to Toxicity Information
- •5.14.2 Uncertainties in the Exposure Assessment
- •5.15 Risk characterization
- •5.16 Headspace monitoring—volatiles
- •5.18 Industrial monitoring—process safety management
- •5.19 Bulk samples
- •6.1 Fungi, molds, and risk
- •6.1.1 What Is the Difference between Molds, Fungi, and Yeasts?
- •6.1.2 How Would I Become Exposed to Fungi That Would Create a Health Effect?
- •6.1.3 What Types of Molds Are Commonly Found Indoors?
- •6.1.4 Are Mold Counts Helpful?
- •6.1.5 What Can Happen with Mold-Caused Health Disorders?
- •6.2 Biological agents and fungi types
- •6.2.1 Alternaria
- •6.3 Aspergillus
- •6.4 Penicillium
- •6.5 Fungi and disease
- •6.6 Fungi control
- •6.6.1 Ubiquitous Fungi
- •6.6.2 Infection
- •6.6.3 Immediate Worker Protection
- •6.6.4 Decontamination
- •6.6.5 Fungi and voCs
- •6.6.6 Controlling Fungi
- •6.7 Abatement
- •Indoor Air Quality and Environments
- •7.1 Ventilation design guide
- •7.2 Example design conditions guidance
- •7.2.1 Outside Design Conditions
- •7.2.2 Inside Design Conditions
- •7.3 Mechanical room layout requirements
- •7.4 Electrical equipment/panel coordination
- •7.5 General piping requirements
- •7.6 Roof-mounted equipment
- •7.7 Vibration isolation/equipment pads
- •7.8 Instrumentation
- •7.9 Redundancy
- •7.10 Exterior heat distribution system
- •7.10.1 Determination of Existing Heat Distribution Systems
- •7.10.2 Selection of Heat Distribution Systems
- •7.10.2.1 Ag Systems
- •7.10.2.2 Cst Systems
- •7.10.2.3 Buried Conduit (preapproved type)
- •7.10.2.4 Buried Conduit (not preapproved type)
- •7.11 Thermal insulation of mechanical systems
- •7.12 Plumbing system
- •7.12.1 Piping Run
- •7.13 Compressed air system
- •7.13.1 Compressor Selection and Analysis
- •7.13.2 Compressor Capacity
- •7.13.3 Compressor Location and Foundations
- •7.13.4 Makeup Air
- •7.13.5 Compressed Air Outlets
- •7.13.6 Refrigerated Dryer
- •7.14.5 Outdoor Air Intakes
- •7.14.6 Filtration
- •7.14 Air supply and distribution system
- •7.14.1 Basic Design Principles
- •7.14.2 Temperature Settings
- •7.14.3 Air-Conditioning Loads
- •7.14.4 Infiltration
- •7.14.7 Economizer Cycle
- •7.15 Ductwork design
- •7.15.3 Evaporative Cooling
- •7.16 Ventilation and exhaust systems
- •7.16.1 Supply and Exhaust Fans
- •7.17 Testing, adjusting, and balancing of hvac systems
- •7.18 Ventilation adequacy
- •7.19 Laboratory fume hood performance criteria
- •7.20 Flow hoods
- •7.21 Thermoanemometers
- •7.22 Other velometers
7.17 Testing, adjusting, and balancing of hvac systems
All test and inspection reports and the following should be completed before starting the distributed control system (DCS) field test.
• Testing, adjusting, and balancing should be performed by an independent firm using certified technicians under the direct supervision of a registered engineer. —Technicians should be certified by the National Environmental Balancing
Bureau (NEBB) or by the Associated Air Balance Council (AABC). —The firm should select AABC MN-1, or NEBB-01 as the standard for testing, adjusting, and balancing the mechanical systems.
• Air-handling unit filters should be artificially loaded during testing and balanc ing operations. Air-handling unit airflow should be set for maximum with the fil ters fully loaded.
7.18 Ventilation adequacy
Ventilation systems are designed to protect the health of individuals by removing physical and chemical stresses from the workplace. To ensure that these ventilation systems are operating effectively, ventilation flow rates may require periodic checking. Manufacturer's specifications and applicable guidelines for specific types of equipment and applications are utilized to ensure the proper operation of local exhaust ventilation.
Capture velocities may vary depending on contaminant size, generation rate, air currents, and other variables. Each local exhaust ventilation system must be independently evaluated to determine adequate operating parameters.
Local exhaust ventilation systems without a static pressure manometer should have performance evaluations conducted annually.
Local exhaust ventilation systems with a static pressure manometer must have performance evaluations every 3 years.
7.19 Laboratory fume hood performance criteria
Face velocity measurements must be 90-150 fpm with the fume hood sash fully opened, unless superseded by manufacturer's specifications or other applicable guidelines. Readings should be obtained and recorded every 3 months for fume hoods both with and without a static pressure manometer. If the static pressure deviates ±10%, the fume hood will be inspected and reevaluated. Inspections need to be documented.
7.20 Flow hoods
Flow hoods measure air velocities at air supply or exhaust outlets.
7.20.1 Calibration
No field calibration is available for flow hoods. Periodic calibration by a laboratory is essential.
7.20.2 Maintenance
Flow hoods typically require little field maintenance other than battery-pack servicing and zero balancing of analog scales. (Check the applicable manufacturer's manual.)
7.21 Thermoanemometers
Thermoanemometers monitor the effectiveness of ventilation by measuring air velocities.
7.21.1 Calibration
No field calibration is available for thermoanemometers. Periodic calibration by a laboratory is essential.
7.21.2 Maintenance
Thermoanemometers typically require little field maintenance other than battery-pack servicing and zero balancing of analog scales. (Check the applicable manufacturer's manual.)