2. Vocabulary

implementation – виконання, реалізація

custom-designed – сконструйований по заказу

mainframe – великий комп’ютер, головна машина

minicomputer – миникомп’ютер

tolerance – устойчивость, допустимое відхилення

nanometer – нанометр

cell phone – сотовий телефон

fetch – вибірка

writeback – обратная запись

to stall – зупинятися

pipeline – магістраль, конвеєр

operand – операнд

register – регістр

arithmetic logic unit – арифметичний логічний пристрій

circuitry – схема

bitwise operations – операції з бітами

subsequent – наступний

program execution – виконання програми

flags register – регістр "флагів"

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Construction) – архітектура обчислень з обмеженим набором команд, РИСК

3. Grammatical notes

Модель "let + іменник-додаток + інфінітив" перекладається сполученням "(не)хай" з формою майбутнього часу, словами "припустимо, що ..." та формою теперішнього або майбутнього часу дієслова-присудка у складі підрядного з'ясувального речення:

Let this be written as (7). Хай це буде записано як (7).

4. Excercises

Exercise 1

Прочитайте й перекладіть текст.

Exercise 2

Перескажіть текст.

Exercise 3

Перекладіть англійською

1. Виконанням інструкцій програм в ЕОМ займається центральний процесор.

2. Мікропроцесори використовуються навіть в дитячих іграшках.

3. У своїй роботі центральний процесор виконує спеціальні дії. Це … (треба завершити).

4. Арифметичні та логічні операції виконує арифметично-логічний пристрій.

5. Не слідує недооцінювати роль кеш-пам’яті у роботі центрального процесора.

Exercise 4

Складіть декілька прикладів використання правила, яке наводиться у розділі Grammatical notes.

Lesson 6.4

1. Text Pascal (programming language)

Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, designed in 1968/9 and published in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a small and efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring.

A derivative known as Object Pascal was designed for object oriented programming.

Pascal is based on the ALGOL programming language and named in honor of the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal. Wirth subsequently developed the Modula-2 and Oberon, languages similar to Pascal. Before, and leading up to Pascal, Wirth developed the language Euler, followed by Algol-W.

Initially, Pascal was largely, but not exclusively, intended to teach students structured programming. Generations of students have used Pascal as an introductory language in undergraduate courses. Variants of Pascal have also frequently been used for everything from research projects to PC games and embedded systems. Newer Pascal compilers exist which are widely used.

GCC, the Gnu C Compiler, was originally written in Pascal. Pascal was the primary high-level language used for development in the Apple Lisa, and in the early years of the Mac; parts of the original Macintosh operating system were hand-translated into Motorola 68000 assembly language from the Pascal sources. The popular typesetting system TeX by Donald E. Knuth was written in WEB, the original literate programming system, based on DEC PDP-10 Pascal, while an application like Total Commander was written in Delphi (i.e. Object Pascal).

Object Pascal is still widely used for developing Windows applications such as Skype.

Wirth's intention was to create an efficient language (regarding both compilation speed and generated code) based on so-called structured programming, a concept which had recently become popular. Pascal has its roots in the Algol 60 language, but also introduced concepts and mechanisms which (on top of Algol's scalars and arrays) enabled programmers to define their own complex (structured) datatypes, and also made it easier to build dynamic and recursive data structures such as lists, trees and graphs. Important features included for this were records, enumerations, subranges, dynamically allocated variables with associated pointers, and sets. To make this possible and meaningful, Pascal has a strong typing on all objects, which means that one type of data cannot be converted or interpreted as another without explicit conversions. Similar mechanisms are standard in many programming languages today. Other languages that influenced Pascal's development were COBOL, Simula 67, and Wirth's own Algol-W.

Pascal, like many programming languages of today (but unlike most languages in the C family), allows nested procedure definitions to any level of depth, and also allows most kinds of definitions and declarations inside procedures and functions. This enables a very simple and coherent syntax where a complete program is syntactically nearly identical to a single procedure or function (except for the keyword itself, of course).

Pascal, in its original form, is a purely procedural language and includes the traditional array of Algol-like control structures with reserved words such as if, then, else, while, for, and so on. However, Pascal also has many data structuring facilities and other abstractions which were not included in the original Algol60, like type definitions, records, pointers, enumerations, and sets. Such constructs were in part inherited or inspired from Simula67, Algol68, Niklaus Wirth's own Algol-W and suggestions by C. A. R. Hoare.