Xenophon

Plato

Aristotle

Ex.3. Guess the meaning of the international words:

tendency; architectural; dramatic; subject; colleague; technique; emotion; master; colossal; original; factor; pigments; stable; to manage; fresco.

Ex.4. Read the text and translate it with a dictionary:

Many of tendencies had been born in Italy earlier than they did in other countries. Two masters of 13^th century Cimabue and Ducco are known to be the founders of visual realism in painting which had dominated in the European Art by the end of 20^th century. Both turned over to the descendants’ famous altar images with Madonna being the main subject of them. They were excelled by their younger contemporary Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337). He was the first among Italian masters who gained the glory not after the death. But he forestalled his time so that many of his innovations were accepted by the colleagues a century later. His characters from flesh and blood are quite realistic but able to move and exist in their natural or architectural surrounding and space pretending for some depth. But they are alive with feelings and emotions. The artist’s skill to convey all the shades of human emotional experience has made Giotto a great dramatic artist (Fig.3).

Frescoes. Making his panels Giotto used a fresco painting technique invented by Italians. Today we call frescoes both all the pictures made according to this technique and any mural. But a genuine fresco is painting over the wet plaster as a primer for a paint layer. The word „fresco” itself means „fresh”. During one session a master worked only with that piece of the wall which he managed to paint being still wet. The factor of time was critical as pigments reacted with the wet layer of plaster giving stable compounds. Shriveled fresco did not husk presenting the original beauty and vividness. Due to this colossal technical progress the greatest masterpieces of fresco painting have been created.

Ex.5. Match the words from the right column with the words from the left one to make the word-combinations. Translate them.

a)

1. to gain 1. compounds

2. to convey 2. vividness

3. to present 3. shades

4. to give 4. glory

5. to invent 5. technique

b)

1. innovations 1. were born

2. tendencies 2. were excelled

3. masters 3. were accepted

4. masterpieces 4. were created

5. panels 5. were made

Ex.6. Fill in the gaps with an appropriate preposition (among; with; to; after; over; in; from; of; for):

To be the first(1)… masters; characters(2)… flesh and blood; to gain the glory(3) … death; to be alive (4)… feelings; to work (5)… piece of wall; to turn (6)… (7)… images; to be the founders (8)… visual realism; able to exist (9)… natural surrounding; to pretend (10)… some depth; all shades (11)… human experience; pictures made according (12) … techniques; painting (13)… plaster; a primer(14) … paint layer; to react (15)… the wet layer.

Ex.7. Choose the right meaning of the underlined word in every sentence:

1. An exhibition of contemporary Japanese prints was held in Tokyo.

2. The wall paintings are thought to be contemporary with the tiled floors.

3. The ancient Greek philosopher Xenophon was a contemporary of Plato and Aristotle.

a) belonging to the same time;

b) done in the same time;

c) living in the same time.

Ex.8. Choose the right definition to the words:

1. a fresco 1. a wet primer for paint layer

2. a plaster 2. a picture made according to technique, a mural

Fig.3 Giotto di Bondone’s fresco „Meeting of Joachim and Anne”

UNIT4. GIVING AN EXPRESSION OF DEPTH

Ex.1. Remember the words:

Verbs		Adjectives		Nouns
to face	стикатися	external	зовнішній	appreciator	цінувальник, заступник
to impart	втілювати	solid	тверде тіло	court	вельможний двір
to divert	відхилятися	flat	плаский	depth	глибина
to sacrifice	жертвувати	sophisticated	складний	exquisiteness	вишуканість
		outstanding	видатний	sophistication	витонченість
				a patron	хазяїн, наставник
				volume	об’єм

Ex.2. Mind the pronunciation of the proper nouns:

Europe

Paul Limburg

Mona Lisa

King Karl V

Ash-Can School

Ex.3. Guess the meaning of the international words: