Грамматика
Будущее совершенное длительное время
1. Future Perfect Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола “to be” в форме Future Perfect (shall have been, will have been) и формы причастия настоящего времени (Present Participle) смыслового глагола:
I shall have been working. He will have been working.
We shall have been working. They will have been working.
Схематически образование Future Perfect Continuous можно изобразить следующим образом (таблица 7)
Таблица 7. Образование Future Perfect Continuous
shall/will have been + Part. I (Ving) |
2. В вопросительной форме первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:
Shall I have been working? Will he have been working?
3. Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола:
I shall not have been working. I shan’t have been working.
He will not have been working. He won’t have been working.
4. В вопросительно-отрицательной форме частица not ставится непосредственно после подлежащего:
Shall I not have been working? Will he not have been working?
Употребление Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Future Perfect Continuous Tense употребляется для выражения длительного будущего действия, которое начнется ранее другого будущего действия и будет еще совершаться в момент его наступления. “For” указывает на период времени, в течение которого будет совершаться действие. Переводится на русский язык будущим временем глагола несовершенного вида:
Pete will have been preparing for his seminar for 2 hours when his friend calls him. – Пит будет готовиться к семинару уже 2 часа, когда его друг позвонит ему.
We shall have been reading for 7 hours when my parents return home at 5 o’clock. – Мы будем заниматься уже 7 часов, когда мои родители вернутся домой в 5 часов.
By next year we shall have been living in this town for 5 years. – К будущему году мы проживем в этом городе пять лет.
Форма Future Perfect Continuous встречается в реальности крайне редко, т.к. предпочтение отдается в большинстве ситуаций формам Future Continuous или Future Perfect.
ЗАДАНИЯ ПО ФОРМИРОВАНИЮ КОМПЕТЕНЦИЙ
Exercise 6. перестройте данные предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму (компетенция № 4).
1. The children will have been sleeping for two hours by the time the parents come home.
2. Next summer I’ll have been teaching for 10 years in this school.
3. The workers will have been restoring the building for a year in autumn.
4. In a month they will have been travelling abroad for a year.
5. Next year Jim will have been studying history for 5 years.
6. In 15 minutes Father will have been working in the garden for three hours.
7. In 15 minutes we shall have been writing the test for two hours.
Exercise 7. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в Present Perfect Continuous Tense (компетенция № 3).
1. In March 2005 she (dance) on this stage for fifteen years.
2. Tomorrow it (rain) heavily for almost a week.
3. Next year she (give) music lessons for 20 years.
4. Next year we (study) English for three years.
5. In September they (build) their country house for 2 years.
6. In a month he (play) football for several years.
7. In half an hour they (write) a test-paper for two hours.
8. It (snow) for a week tomorrow.
Exercise 8. Примените the Future Indefinite, the Future Continuous, the Future Perfect Continuous (компетенция № 3).
1. Do you know that your sister (work) for this company for ten years by next month.
2. How long they (look) for a flat by next Monday?
3. They (be married) for twenty-five years next year.
4. You (operate) your computer today? – Yes, I probably will.
5. Don’t take an umbrella with you. I don’t think it (rain).
6. You (have) two foreign languages next year: Italian and French.
7. I think he (go) to France in February.
8. The teacher (finish) delivering a lecture by the time we arrive at the college.
9. What Henry (do) tomorrow evening from 8 till 10? – He (watch) a detective film on TV.
10. They (complete) the new bridge by the end of the year.
11. We (fly) non-stop for 15 hours before we get to Calcutta.
12. At 10 o’clock in the morning John (receive) a delegation in the office.
13. I’m sure Ann (cope) with the work. She has high qualifications.
14. I like music. Soon I (learn) to play the guitar.
Exercise 9. Переведите на английский (компетенция № 5).
Ей понадобится отдых. Она весь день будет работать.
2. К тому времени как встанет солнце завтра утром, мы уже два часа будем лететь над Атлантическим океаном.
3. В июле будет год, как я живу в этом городе.
4. Когда приедет полиция, Эрик уже три часа будет ехать в Техас.
5. К тому времени как дети вернутся из школы, их мама уже несколько часов будет работать в саду.
6. К концу года мы будем жить в Москве уже 20 лет.
7. К 1 сентября этого года я уже десять лет буду изучать английский язык.
Exercise10. Используйте the Past Perfect Progressive Tense по образцу (компетенция № 2).
Образец A: He was short of breath, he (run all the way). – He was short of breath, as he had been running all the way.
1. His hands were dirty (work in the garden).
2. She did very well in the examinations (study hard through the term).
3. He was behind the class (not study properly).
4. Her eyes were red (cry).
5. She got used to his strange ways (live together for a long time).
6. She looked half asleep (rest).
7. She kept silent for some minutes (think over his words).
8. Everybody was laughing (Peter tell his funny stories).
9. They were very excited (argue for a long time).
10. The meteorite came closest to the Earth yesterday (approach our planet for the last two months).
11. I had blisters on my heels (wear my new shoes all day).
12. He suffered from allergy. The trees (bloom for the last month).
Образец B: They drove for 3 hours. Then they stopped. – After they had been driving for 3 hours, they stopped for lunch.
1. We walked for an hour. Then we understood that we had taken the wrong road.
2. He waited for her for an hour. Then he went away.
3. He worked at the laboratory for 4 years. Then he changed his job.
4. I thought the matter over for some time. Then I took a decision.
5. He looked through the latest papers and magazines for some time. Then he sat down to his report.
6. She watched television late into the night. Then she could not sleep.
7. He studied English for 3 years. Then he went to England.
8. He lived in St. Petersburg up to 1995. Then he moved to Moscow.
9. I played basketball for five hours. Then my muscles were sore.
10. They tried to solve this problem for the last three weeks. Then they found the solution.
11. I did not sleep well for several days. Then during the game my coordination was not very good.
Exercise 11. Закончите предложения, используя the Past Perfect or the Past Perfect Progressive Tenses (компетенция № 2).
1. He was late. And I was afraid that ________________.
2. When she came back, her eyes were red and swollen: it was clear that she ________________.
3. When we got off the train, I suddenly remembered that ________________.
4. She missed her lessons because ________________.
5. He seemed surprised when he saw me, evidently he had no idea that ________________.
6. Brian remembered the telephone conversation with Jack. Jack ________________.
7. She couldn’t understand why Grace ________________.
8. I talked to him the other day and found out that....
9. We found the place for the picnic and I took the basket out of the car. It was full. Mother _______.
10. The man came closer and I realized that ________________.
11. I couldn’t rewind the film in my camera and after some unsuccessful attempts I realized that ____________________-.
12. The children had stomach ache because ________________.
Exercise 12. Составьте предложения со следующими конструкциями the Past Perfect or the Past Perfect Progressive Tenses (компетенция № 2).
________________ but when I came there ________________.
________________ but when we reached the station ________________.
________________ but when he arrived home ________________.
________________ but before I could say a word ________________.
________________ but when the police arrived ________________.
________________ but when the car disappeared ________________.
________________ but when we came, the game ________________.
________________ but when she opened her eyes ________________.
________________ but when he turned his head ________________.
________________ but when they woke up ________________.
________________ but when he realized his mistake ________________.
________________ but when she at last made up her mind.
Exercise 13. Составьте сложносочиненные предложения по образцу (компетенция № 4).
Образец: It was snowing hard. The temperature had been gradually falling and soon it was snowing hard.
Or: It was snowing hard so the children had taken out their sleds.
Or: The weather had suddenly changed and it was snowing hard.
1. ________________ he had gone skating ________________.
2. ________________ she had been sleeping for 2 hours ________________.
3. ________________ they were walking home ________________.
4. ________________ we got off the bus ________________.
5. ________________ people were hurrying to and fro ________________.
6. ________________ night had fallen ________________.
7. ________________ it made a great impression on me ________________.
8. ________________ snowf lakes had been falling all night long ________________.
9. ________________ we had done it________________.
10. He had made his decision ________________.
11. ________________ she had forgotten him ________________.
12. Somebody had been following him ________________.
13. He accepted the invitation ________________.
14. He had been lying ________________.
15. He had paid for a week in advance ________________.
Exercise 14. Переведите на английский (компетенция № 5).
1. He успел он отойти и двух шагов от дома, как очутился лицом к лицу с Диком, который ждал его у крыльца уже десять минут.
2. Прежде чем он приехал к нам, он путешествовал по всей стране (throughout the country).
3. Он сказал, что они поднимут этот вопрос только после того, как обговорят все сами.
4. Прежде чем он приехал в Манчестер, он воспитывался в семье священника. Он ходил в школу с кузеном, который был на два месяца его старше.
5. Он еще раз перечитал то, что написал.
6. После обеда он отправился навестить друзей. Они условились о встрече еще накануне.
7. К тому времени как мы вернулись, они уже пришли к соглашению.
8. К полуночи она уже потеряла всякую надежду увидеть его и начала обзванивать больницы.
9. Я узнал, что ничего не было сделано, хотя я и оставил подробные инструкции.
10. Он абсолютно уверен, что видел этого человека раньше.
11. Я знала, что он был прав; он был прав с самого начала.
12. Не успел чайник закипеть, как она его тут же выключила.
13. Он свернул налево на перекрестке. Он был в этом доме прежде и хорошо знал дорогу.
14. Пейзаж, который он увидел, напомнил ему о небольшом прибрежном городке на Средиземном море, где он отдыхал несколько лет назад.
15. В тот год я совершил поступок, который, как я думал, я никогда не смогу совершить.
16. Мы понимали, что они победили в этой игре случайно.
Exercise 15. Переведите на английский (компетенция № 5).
Я только что закончил читать забавный рассказ о человеке по имени Дженнингс. В течение многих лет он просыпался в шесть часов, садился на свой старый велосипед, чтобы сэкономить на билете на автобус, и приезжал на работу на час раньше. Весь день он выписывал счета своим аккуратным почерком. После десяти лет безупречной службы он поднялся от должности младшего помощника клерка до старшего помощника клерка. Однажды Дженнингс не вышел на работу. Его начальник, который в течение многих лет немилосердно гонял его, нашел на столе Дженнингса записку, которую тот написал. «Многие годы я добросовестно работал в вашем отделе. Многие годы вы грубо разговаривали со мной, вы даже кричали на меня, вы пытались подавить меня (break my spirit). Я получил наследство и купил эту компанию. Вы уволены!»
Проф-тексты
Exercise 16. Прочитайте, переведите и перескажите текст, используя данные слова (компетенция № 11).
Marketing
Marketing is the process associated with promoting for sale goods or services. It is considered a “social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and values with others.” It is an integrated process through which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return. Marketing is used to create the customer, to keep the customer and to satisfy the customer. With the customer as the focus of its activities, it can be concluded that marketing management is one of the major components of business management. The evolution of marketing was caused due to mature markets and overcapacities in the last decades. Companies then shifted the focus from production more to the customer in order to stay profitable. The term marketing concept holds that achieving organisational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions. It proposes that in order to satisfy its organizational objectives, an organization should anticipate the needs and wants of consumers and satisfy these more effectively than competitors.
Vocabulary
Values -ценности
Customers - клиенты
overcapacities - перепроизводство
goals -цели
competitors –конкуренты
Exercise 17. Ответьте на вопросы (компетенция № 13).
What is marketing and what is it associated with?
What kind of process is marketing?
What is marketing used for?
What caused the recent evolution of marketing?
What is marketing concept?
Exercise 18. Переведите на английский, используя выученные слова (компетенция № 12).
Большинство исследователей сходятся во мнении, что маркетинг — это процесс. Он начинается с исследования целевого сегмента рынка, для которого собирается работать компания. Маркетологи определяют потенциальный спрос и его размер (ёмкость сегмента рынка), то есть выявляют покупателей, потребности которых не удовлетворены в достаточной степени или испытывающих неявный интерес к определённым товарам или услугам. Производится сегментирование рынка и выбор тех его частей, которые компания способна обслужить наилучшим образом. Разрабатываются планы создания и доведения продукции до потребителя, а также стратегия «маркетинг-микс» (англ. marketing mix) воздействия на спрос через товар, цену, каналы распределения и методы продвижения товара. Создают систему маркетингового аудита, которая позволит оценивать результаты проводимых мероприятий и степень их воздействия на потребителей.Маркетинг начинается не столько с товара, сколько с поиска платёжеспособного потребителя, который готов нечто купить.
Дополнительно
Exercise 19. Прочитайте и переведите интервью. Перескажите понятое на английском языке (компетенция № 5).
Interviewer: Dr Clarke, when an accident happens the people present are much likely to be people of the general public and not members of the medical profession. Now, how good are we? I mean would you say that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing? If we’re not sure what to do, is it actually best not to do anything at all?
Dr Clarke: Well, they’re obviously interesting and important questions. Yes, first aid is terribly important and you can save lives if the right action is taken. I’d say that ninety percent of first aid is common sense, and only ten per cent is specialist knowledge. If someone isn’t breathing, you must give them artificial respiration, and I think most people know how to do that. If the person is bleeding, the bleeding must be stopped. I think these things are obvious. Medical help must of course be sought and someone must decide whether the victim can be taken to hospital, or whether, given the nature of their particular accident, the victim should be left alone.
Interviewer: Yes, can we talk about road accidents more specifically in a moment?
Dr Clarke: Yes.
Interviewer: Is there one particular kind of accident where generally we get it wrong, we follow our common sense but it lets us down, and we do the wrong thing?
Dr Clarke: Yes, I think there are two things associated with that. On the subject of burns, for example, some people put cream or grease or butter on, and this in fact makes the burn hotter; and the other thing…
Interviewer: I’m sorry to interrupt. What should we do about burns, then?
Dr Clarke: Well, you need to decide first of all, how bad it is. If it is a minor burn, the best thing to do is put the burnt area under the cold tap, or slowly pour on iced water.
Interviewer: I see.
Dr Clarke: This should be done for about ten minutes, and it stops the heat from spreading. However, if it is a bad burn, what we call a third degree burn, don’t touch it, you really should get for this type of burn expert help immediately. Cover the burn very lightly with something clean like a sheet or a, or a handkerchief and then go straight to the hospital. The other thing people do is to give drinks, especially alcoholic drinks, which means that if a patient needs an operation, we can’t give an anaesthetic.
Interviewer: So it’s better not to give any drinks at all.
Dr Clarke: Certainly not alcoholic drinks. If the patient complains of thirst, he should wash his mouth with water and not swallow.
Exercise 20. Прочитайте, переведите и перескажите анекдоты (компетенция № 5,8).
1. A doctor was called to see a rather testy aristocrat.
“Well, sir, what’s the matter?” he asked cheerfully.
“That, sir,” growled the patient, “is for you to find out.”
“I see,” said the doctor thoughtfully. “Well, if you’ll excuse me for an hour or so I’ll go along and fetch a friend of mine – a veterinarian. He is the only chap I know who can make a diagnosis without asking questions.”
2. “Doctor,” asked a patient, “I am feeling much better now, and I want you to let me have your bill.”
“Nonsense, sir,” said the physician, “do be calm; you are not strong enough for that yet!”
3. “Doc,” said the patient, “if there is anything the matter with me, don’t frighten me half to death by giving it a scientific name. Just tell what it is in plain English.”
“Well,” said the doctor, “to be frank with you, you are just plain lazy.”
“Thank you, doctor,” sighed the patient with relief. “Now give me a scientific name for it, so I can go home and tell the misses.”
4. “Don’t you think, doctor, you’ve rather overcharged for attending Jimmy when he had the measles?”
“You must remember, Mrs Brown, that includes twenty two visits.”
“Yes, but you forget he infected the whole school!”
Exercise 21. Прочитайте и переведите текст (компетенция № 5).
What happened in a Park
This is what happened in a park yesterday when it began to rain. An old lady was feeding some pigeons. Two old men were sitting on a park bench and talking. A young man was looking at the flowers. A young couple was walking hand in hand. Some children were playing volley-ball. When it began to rain the two old men got up and stood under a tree. The old woman put a newspaper over her head and the young man put his umbrella up. The young couple and the children began to run as fast as they could.
Exercise 22. Перескажите текст (компетенция № 6).
Exercise 23. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту (компетенция № 7)
1. What was the old lady doing when it began to rain?
2. What were the two old men doing?
3. What was the young man looking at?
4. What were the young couple and the children doing ?
5. What did the people in the park do when it began to rain?
Lesson 4 Planning a perfect day
Exercise 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст (компетенция № 5).
My perfect day
My name’s Victor. I usually get up at 7 o’clock in the morning. I do my morning exercises, but not always, make my bed, wash and dress. Then I sit down to breakfast. At 8 o’clock I leave home and go to school. As a rule I come to school in time as the lessons begin at 9 o’clock. I live not far from school and it usually takes me 15 minutes to get to school on foot. Usually we have 6 or 7 classes every day and after classes I return home. At 3 o’clock I have dinner and rest a little. After that I do my home work and help my mother about the house if she needs my help. Sometimes my friend Bob comes to visit me. He is American. He speaks English to me. He tells me about his life. I think he really likes me. I like him too. We play computer games, listen to music and sometimes play cards or chess. We speak pleasantly. We often play other games too. When he leaves, I have supper and if the weather is good I go for a walk with my other friends and if the weather is not good I stay at home something I watch TV; from time to time I chat with my friends over the telephone. I never work late in the evening. At 11 o’clock I usually go to bed but sometimes I watch television till late in the evening and that’s why I may go to bed very late. But I always remember the proverb: “Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy wealthy and wise.”
Vocabulary
perfect - идеальный
get up – встаю
exercises – упражнения
return – возвращаюсь
rest – отдыхаю
cards – карты
chess – шахматы
watch - смотрю
late – поздно
early – рано
healthy – здоровый
wealthy - богатый
wise – умный
Exercise 2. Перескажите текст на английский язык (компетенция № 5).
Exercise 3. Ответьте на вопросы (компетенция № 5).
1. What time does Victor usually get up?
2. What does he do between 7 and 8 o’clock
3. What time do his classes begin at school?
4. How far does Victor live from his school?
5. How long does it take him to get there?
6. How many classes does he usually have?
7. What time does he usually comes home and have dinner?
8. What does he do after dinner?
9.Who sometimes comes to visit Victor?
10. What do they do together?
11.What games do they play?
12. What does Victor do after Bob leaves?
13. What time does he go to bed?
Exercise 4. Перескажите текст, используя выученные слова (компетенция № 8).
Perfect summer: The Ants and the Grasshopper
All summer long, the ants were busy. They were working and planning for the snowy months. They raced back and forth. They were gathering food for the long, cold winter days. The large ants carried sticks. They gathered grass and grain and stored in their caves. One sunny day a grasshopper was watching the busy little ants. They were racing back and forth. “Why not come and chat with me”, said the Grasshopper, “instead of working in that day?” “Why are they so industrious on such a beautiful, warm, and sunny day? I guess they just don’t know how to have a good time”. The industrious little ants continued to work. They didn’t stop a moment to talk to the grasshopper. One of the ants looked up at the grasshopper and said to himself, “Why is he staring and laughing at us? I bet he’ll pay the price of hunger when winter comes”. Wintertime came. Snow covered the green fields, and the grain disappeared. One winter day some of the ants crawled out of their anthills onto the snow to look around. There was the long-legged grasshopper, which looked very pale and thin. He told the ants that he was dying of hunger and that he needed something to eat. He said that he had no food and that he could not find any food in the ice and snow. “You acted so smart in the summertime, Mr. Grasshopper. You told us that we were crazy working so hard. Now you are the one who is hungry, and we are the ones who are laughing. Who is crazy now?” one of the ants asked with a grin on his face. The little long-legged grasshopper said, “I was too busy. I was making music and enjoying the summertime sun”.
Exercise 5. Перескажите текст (компетенция № 6).
Exercise 6. Ответьте на вопросы (компетенция № 7).
1. What was the Grasshopper doing on a hot summer day?
2. What were the ants doing on a hot summer day?
3. What happened to the ants when winter came?
4. What happened in winter to the Grasshopper?
5. Which character would you like to be and why?
6. Did you like this fable? Why or why not?
7. What valuable lesson can be learned from this fable?