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1) What kind of goods does Britain export?

2) What kind of goods does Britain import?

3) What is the role of Britain in world trade?

4) When did Britain secure a leading position in the world as manufacturer, merchant and banker?

5) What was the reason of mass unemployment, which reached its peak in 1932?

6) What was the original basis of British industry?

7) What cities became great centres of engineering and shipbuilding?

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9 Составьте реферат текста (10 - 15 предложений).

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Вариант № 3

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US ECONOMY

The United States is rich in natural resources, the main being iron ore, coal and oil. The nation produces more than 100 million tons of iron a year. Four fifths of the ore mined in the USA comes from the Great Lakes region. Though a great deal of the ore has been used up, its resources have not been exhausted. Most of the coal mined in the USA is used by power plants to produce electricity. Coal is also used in the chemical industries for the manufacture of plastics and other synthetics. The production, processing and marketing of such oil products as petrol (called «gasoline» or «gas» in the USA) make up one of America's largest industries.

The basic metals and minerals mined in the United States are zinc, copper and silver. Some of the main crops grown in the USA are wheat, maize, cotton, tobacco and fruit. Cattle breeding and pig raising make up an important branch of America's agriculture. To make the farmer's work more productive scientific methods of farming are employed and modern technique of freezing, canning and packaging farm products is used.

The United States is a highly industrialised country with various branches of heavy industry prevailing, namely, the mining, metallurgical, automobile and chemical industries as well as engineering. Many branches of light industry are also developed, among them are the textile, food and wood-working industries.

A great deal of attention in American industry is devoted to re­search and emphasis is made on the use of labour-saving machines. In the past few years the number of workers has increased only a few per cent, while the number of scientists and engineers in the plants has almost doubled.

Mechanisation and automation do away with thousands of office jobs, intensify production and increase labour productivity. But they also bring about a further growth of unemployment.

New industries are created as new discoveries are made in physics, chemistry and other sciences. Atomic energy, for example, has created a wide range of new industries. Electronics has become a major industry.

Throughout American industry great emphasis is being made on management training. A great number of schools are training young people to become industrial leaders.

American industry is distributed unevenly. Most of the industrial enterprises are located in the eastern part of the country. But industry is spreading out as there is a tendency to build factories far removed from the home plant and closer to natural resources and markets. Good transportation facilities and rapid communications systems make it possible for the main plants to keep in touch with branch factories.

The leading US exports are industrial machinery, electronic equipment, textiles, grain, iron, coal, oil products and chemicals.

Managing Productivity

Productivity has become a day-to-day concern for managers because productivity indicates the overall efficiency of their firms. The unit of output can be anything: money, units of product, customers served, or whatever is meaningful to the organization. What managers attempt to do is to produce more output with less input. It means making more from what you have and working smarter rather than harder.

The One-Minute Manager was written by Kenneth Blanchard, a professor of management at the University of Massachusetts, with coauthor Spencer Johnson, a medical doctor.

The purpose of this book is to propose a new management style that consists of three steps, each of which takes one minute to perform. The first step is a one-minute goal setting, each in which manager and employee agree on goals and transfer them to written form. Each goal is to be written in 250 words or less on one piece of paper so that it can be read in one minute. The second step is a one-minute praising in which the manager congratulates the employee for a job well-done, tells him or her specifically what was good about performance and what it means for the organization. After that, a handshake and some encouragement bring the one-minute praising to a conclusion. The third step is a one-minute reprimand in which the manager tells the employee specifically what was wrong with performance and how he or she feels about it, taking care to separate the value of the employee from the one (take that instigated the criticism.

By using this style, the authors claim that managers can save a lot time and improve employee productivity.

Applying for a Job

Information, which includes your suitability to the job should be highlighted. This information is called a resume. If you have had previous experience in various phases of employment, it may be to your advantage to have two-three different resumes, each emphasizing a different area of competence.

It is a standard practice to begin the resume with personal data; Essentials such as your name, address, social insurance number, home phone number and business phone number (re­commended only if your present employer is aware of your job search). Facts, such as your date of birth, merital status, and number of dependents, may also be included.

An option, which may be included in your resume, is a brief explanation of your career objective or goals. This is usually included following personal data. If you have only one version of your resume, it may be best to include this section in a covering letter so that you can tailor it to the specific position for which you are applying.

The structure of the next portion of your resume will de­pend a great deal on the extent of your work history. If you are a recent graduate with limited business experience, begin with your education first. Highlight achievements and honours, and note extracurricular activities. Expand on any courses you took which are relevant to the position you desire, or specialized training you may have participated in. Progress to your part-time or summer employment, and indicate responsibility and achievements.

If you posses a strong background in the work, you should begin with your work experience first. Information provided here will include a job title, name of employer, address, date of employment, and a brief summary of duties. Emphasize responsi­bilities and highlight personal achievements, advancement, and recognition. Your list of positions should be in reverse chrono­logical order, so begin with your current employer.

Next, your resume could include a brief section designed to give employers an insight into your leisure and non-work activi­ties. You might include:

• clubs or professional associations

• community volunteer work

- sports and hobbies

Finally you could list references. It has become acceptable practice to write "References: Available upon request" since ad­dresses, titles, phone numbers are subject to change. Choose ref­erences carefully and always get permission to use their names as references.

Thus, a resume must contain a summary of essential facts about your background:

1. Personal details. 2. Career objective. 3. Work experience. 4. Education. 5. References.