- •1. The axiom about the potential dangers of man-made factors
- •2. Classification of hazardous substances.
- •3. Maximum permissible concentrations, emissions, exposure levels
- •4. Physical hazards and their characteristics
- •5. The permissible levels of harmful substances
- •6. Environmental Passport of an industrial enterprise.
- •7. Environmental Assessment. Basic principles of the environmental impact assessment.
- •8. The Law of the rk "On Ecological Assessment". Two types of environmental impact assessment
- •11. Effect of contaminants on human health (acute and chronic intoxication). Prevention of occupational poisoning.
- •12. Characteristics of hazardous substances used in production (ammonia, chlorine etc.). Actions in case of accidents.
- •10. Lesions. Classification based on the degree of human exposure to hts.
- •13. The concept of bacteriological (biological) weapons (bw).
- •14. Types and basic properties of bw (bacteria, viruses, rickets, fungi).
- •15. Diseases caused by biological agents and toxins (anthrax, meliodiosis, glanders, botulism).
- •16. Preventive measures at the sign of use of bacteriological agents.
- •17. Rules of conduct and actions of people at the foci of bacteriological destruction
- •18. The measures of prevention: Quarantine and observation. Disinfection and disinsection
- •19. Methods and means of application of bacterial agents.
- •20. Bw facilities developed on the territory of the Kazakhstan for the open-air testing and production of bw agents.
- •21. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (10 April 1972).
- •22. Protocol Obligations:The Geneva Protocol prohibits the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous, or other gases, and of bacteriological methods of warfare. (17 June 1925 France)
- •23. General characteristics of nuclear and radiological weapons
- •24. Main factors of nuclear explosion. Characteristics, effects, and impact on human health.
- •25. Medico-tactical characteristics of foci of nuclear damage
- •26. Acute radiation sickness. Radiation sickness of 1-4 degrees. Chronic radiation sickness.
- •27. Radioactive contamination
- •28. Kazakstan’s nuclear background
- •29. Kazakhstan’s International legislation on Nuclear Weapons.
- •30. The Law of the rk “On National Security”.
- •31. The principles of national security. The national interests of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
- •32. The goals and objectives of national security. Threats to Kazakhstan’s national security.
- •33. The concept of national security of Kazakhstan.
- •34. Non military tools of national security.
- •35. The challenges and threats posed by globalization. Globalization in the economic, political, social, cultural spheres.
- •36. Global Problems of Mankind. The problem of technological security.
- •37. The ways out of the global crisis - the transition to sustainable development.
- •38. Problems of post-industrial society. Technological problems.
- •39. Globalization in Kazakhstan (negative factors and benefits)
- •40.The law the Republic of Kazakhstan “On combating terrorism”
- •41. Basic principles in the fight against terrorism in the Republic of Kazakhstan are:
- •43. The purpose of the legal regulation of combat against terrorism in Kazakhstan is:
24. Main factors of nuclear explosion. Characteristics, effects, and impact on human health.
Main factors of nuclear explosion are:
1) shock wave of a nuclear explosion;
2) light radiation of a nuclear explosion;
3) electromagnetic pulse;
4) the damaging effect of ionizing radiation;
5) the damaging effect of radiation factors on the radioactively contaminated land.
The shock wave of a nuclear explosion
With a large reserve of energy, the shock wave of a nuclear explosion can cause damage to people, destroy various buildings, weapons and military equipment and other objects at considerable distances from the blast site.
Light radiation of a nuclear explosion
The main harmful effect of LRNE is thermal damage that occurs at a temperature rise of the
irradiated surface to a certain level. Thermal damage causes burns to skin and eyes.
The destructive effects of electromagnetic pulse
An electromagnetic pulse is referred to the electromagnetic fields that accompany nuclear
explosions. EMP induces high voltages, which disables the communication lines and power supply, wire and wireless communication equipment.
The destructive effect of radiation factors on the radioactively contaminated areas
Radioactive contamination in a nuclear explosion is particularly characteristic of explosions, based on the fission reaction and produced in the air near the ground, above ground, underground and in the water.
25. Medico-tactical characteristics of foci of nuclear damage
The center of nuclear destruction is a territory, where under the effects of a nuclear explosion occur destruction of various structures, radioactive contamination of areas and destruction of personnel. The structure of sanitary losses is primarily affected by the power of the explosion. With increasing power of the blast, the damage radius of the shock wave and the light emission increases to a much lesser extent than the radius of radiation injury, and therefore the structure of sanitary damages varies: the leading place is occupied by thermal burns and injuries.
The 3 types of nuclear foci are allocated:
1) center with predominant radiation injuries;
2) center with combined lesions;
center with predominant thermal injury.
26. Acute radiation sickness. Radiation sickness of 1-4 degrees. Chronic radiation sickness.
Radiation sickness - a disease resulting from the impact of different types of ionizing radiation and characterized by clinical signs, depending on the type of damaging radiation, its dose, source localization of radioactive substances, dose distribution in time and the human body. In humans, radiation sickness can be caused by external radiation and internal.
Common clinical manifestations of radiation sickness depends mainly on the received total dose of radiation. Doses of up to 1 Gy (100 rad) cause relatively light changes that can be considered as a state of pre-disease. Doses over 1 Gy causes bone marrow or intestinal form of radiation sickness of varying severity, which mainly depend on hemopoietic organ damage. Single irradiation doses exceeding 10 Gy are considered to be absolutely fatal.
Acute radiation sickness (ARS) - is due to a single irradiation. According to the severity ARS is divided into several stages:
I grade: 1 ÷ 2 Gy (manifested through the day 14-21)
II grade: 2 ÷ 5 Gy (4-5 days)
III grade: 5 ÷ 10 Gy (after 10-12 hours)
IV grade: > 10 Gy (after 30 minutes)
Chronic radiation sickness (CRS) - develops as a result of long continuous or fractionated irradiation of the organism in doses of 0,1-0,5 Gy / day with a total dose of more than 0,7-1 Gy. CRS case of external irradiation is a complex clinical syndrome with involvement of several organs and systems, the frequency of the flow is connected with the dynamics of the formation of radial load, ie the continuation or termination of irradiation. The peculiarity of CRS is that in actively proliferating tissues, due to intensive processes of cell renewal, for a long time may be possible morphological recovery of the tissue structure.