Perpetual fifo
Under the perpetual system the Inv account is constantly (or perpetually) changing. When a retailer purchases merchandise, the retailer debits its Inv account for the cost; when the retailer sells the merchandise to its customers its Inv account is credited & its Cost of Goods Sold account is debited for the cost of the goods sold. Rather than staying dormant as it does with the periodic method, the Inv account balance is continuously updated.
Under the perpetual system, two transactions are recorded when merchandise is sold: (1) the sales amount is debited to Accounts Receivable or Cash & is credited to Sales, & (2) the cost of the merchandise sold is debited to Cost of Goods Sold & is credited to Inv. (Note: Under the periodic system the second entry is not made.)
With perpetual FIFO, the first (or oldest) costs are the first moved from the Inv account & debited to the Cost of Goods Sold account. The end result under perpetual FIFO is the same as under periodic FIFO. In other words, the first costs are the same whether you move the cost out of Inv with each sale (perpetual) or whether you wait until the year is over (periodic).
Perpetual lifo
Under the perpetual system the Inv account is constantly (or perpetually) changing. When a retailer purchases merch&ise, the retailer debits its Inv account for the cost of the merch&ise. When the retailer sells the mechandiseto its customers, the retailer credits its Inv account for the cost of the goods that were sold & debits its Cost of Goods Sold account for their cost. Rather than staying dormantas it does with the periodic method, the Inv account balance is continuously updated.
Under the perpetual system, two transactions are recorded at the time that the merchandise is sold: (1) the sales amount is debited to Accounts Receivable or Cash & is credited to Sales, & (2) the cost of the merchandise sold is debited to Cost of Goods Sold & is credited to Inv.
|
№ of |
Cost per |
|
Total Cost |
Inv at Dec. 31, 2010 |
1 |
$85 |
= |
$ 85 |
First purchase (January 2011) |
1 |
87 |
= |
87 |
Second purchase (June 2011)date of SALE |
2 |
89 |
= |
178 |
Third purchase (December 2011) |
1 |
90 |
= |
90 |
Total goods available for sale |
5 |
|
|
$440 |
Less: Inv at Dec. 31, 2011 |
4 |
|
|
- 351 |
Cost of goods sold |
1 |
$89 |
|
$ 89 |
perpetual system, "average"
Under the perpetual system, "average" means the average cost of the items in Inv as of the date of the sale. This average cost is multiplied by the № of units sold & is removed from the Inv account & debited to the Cost of Goods Sold account. We use the average as of the time of the sale because this is a perpetual method. (Note: Under the periodic system we wait until the year is over before computing the average cost.)
|
№ |
Cost per |
|
Total Cost |
Inv at Dec. 31, 2010 |
1 |
$85 |
= |
$ 85 |
First purchase (Jan 2011) |
1 |
87 |
= |
87 |
Second purchase (June 2011) |
2 |
89 |
= |
178 |
Third purchase (December 2011) |
1 |
90 |
= |
90 |
Total goods available for sale |
5 |
|
|
$440.00 |
Less: Inv at Dec. 31, 2011 |
4 |
$88.125 |
|
- 352.50 |
Cost of goods sold |
1 |
$87.50 |
|
$ 87.50 |
Companies sometimes need to determine the value of Inv when a physical count is impossible or impractical- in fire.
Gross profit method. The gross profit method estimates the value of Inv by applying the company's historical gross profit percentage to current-period infoabout net sales & the cost of goods available for sale. Gross profit equals net sales minus the cost of goods sold. The gross profit margin equals gross profit divided by net sales. If a company had net sales of $4,000,000 during the previous year & the cost of goods sold during that year was $2,600,000, then gross profit was $1,400,000 & the gross profit margin was 35%.
If gross profit margin is 35%, then cost of goods sold is 65% of net sales.
Net sales for the month were $500,000, beginning Inv was $50,000, & purchases during the month totaled $300,000. First, the company multiplies net sales for the month by the historical gross profit margin to estimate gross profit.
|
500-175=325 (COGS); available for sale (50+300)-325=25 END INV
The gross profit method produces a reasonably accurate result
Retail Inv method. Retail businesses track both the cost & retail sales price of Inv.
|
Then, the estimated cost of ending Inv is found by multiplying the retail value of ending Inv by the cost-to-retail ratio.
|
Inv turnover = COGS/Average inv (№ of times )
Days Inv on h& = 365 / inv turnover (days it takes to sell inv