I. Stylistics as a branch of linguistics 1

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1. Speak about the function of stylistic inversion 29

VIII, STYLISTICS AND TRANSLATION 29

2. Syntactical complexes.

3. Attribùtivé noun groups.

4. Specific word order.

' • ' ' \lTie Headline^/

The headline is the title given to a news item or à newspaper article. The main function of thé headline is to inform thé redder briefly of what the news that follows is about. Sometimes headlines contain elements of appraml - they show the reporter's or paper's attitude to thé facts reported.

The basic language peculiarities of headlines iie in their structuré, Syntactically headlines are veiy short sentences or phrasés of a variety of patterns :

.1. Full declarative'sentences. ’ " •,<:<.*.»

I. Stylistics as a branch of linguistics 1

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5. Headlines including direct speech.

1 ^Advertisements and Announcements )

The function of advertisements and announcements, like that of brief news, is to inform the reader. There are two basic types of advertisements and announcements in the modem English newspaper: classified and non-classified. •

In classified advertisements and announcements various kinds of information are arranged according to subject-matter into sections, each bearing an appropriate name.

As for non-'classified advertisements and announcements, the variety of language form and subject-matter is so great that hardly any essential features common to all may be pointed out, The reader's attention is attracted by every possible means: typographical, graphical and stylistic, both lexical and syntactical. Here there is no call for brevity, as the advertiser may buy as much space as he chooses. »

^The Editorial j

Editorials are intermediate phenomenon bearing the stamp of both "the . newspaper style and the publicistic style.

The function of the editorial is to influence the reader by giving an interpretation of certain facts. Editorials comment on the political and other- events of the flay.- Their purpose is to give the editor's opinion and interpretations of news published and suggest to the reader that it is the correct one. Like any publicistic Writing, editorials appeal not only to the reader's mind but to his feelings as well.

4y The style of scientific prose serves to represent and promote scientific ideas and can-be found in different types of academic publications (articles, monographs, _etc.) The' aim of the functional style of scientific prose is to prove a hypothesis, to create new concepts, to disclose the internal laws of existence, development, relations between phenomena, etc. Thus the language means used tend to be objective, precise, devoid of any emotions or individuality; there is a tendency for the most generalized form of expressions. The first and m ost noticeable feature of the style in question is the logical sequence of utterances with clear indication of

their interrelation and interdependence. The second and no less important one is the use of terms specific to a certain branch of science. The third characteristic feature is sentence pattern of three types: postulatory, argumentative, and formulative, The fourth observable feature is the use of quotations and references. The fifth one is the frequent use of foot-notes of digressive character. The impersonality of scientific writing can also be considered a typical feature of this style.

The characteristic features enumerated above do not cover all the peculiarities of scientific prose, but they are tJie most essential ones.

The style of official documents like other styles is not homogeneous and is represented by the following variants: 1) the language of business documents; 2) the language of legal documents; 3) the language of diplomacy; 4) the language of military documents. This style has a definite communicative aim and accordingly has its own system of interrelated language and stylistic means, The main aim of this type of communication is to state the condition binding two parties in an undertaking. In other words the aim Of communication in this style of language is to reach argument between two contracting, parties. Even protest against violations of statutes, contracts, regulations, etc., can also be regarded as a form by which normal cooperation is sought on the basis of previously attained concordance.

As in the case with the above varieties this style also has some peculiarities:

1. The use of abbreviations, conventional symbols, contractions;

2. The use of words in their logical dictionary meaning; _;V- •: i 3. Compositional patterns of the variants of this style. _r

I 4. Absence of any emotiveness. . j Questions for discussion: !

1. Characterize the main peculiarities of belle-Ietters style.

2. Dwell upon the leading features ofpublicistic style and its subdivisions.

3. Speak about the peculiarities of the newspaper style.

4. Characterize the peculiarities of the style of scientific prose.

5. Define the main function of the style of official documents.

$ III. Phonetic and Graphic Means and Stylistic Devices

Alliteration [a-lrta'reifaii] - стлитерация ,

Assonance ['аевзшэш] - ассонанс

Authentic pronunciation [o:'9entik] - аутентичное (оригинальное) произношение Dashes and suspension marks - таре и многоточия Figurative — образный, переносный Full stop- точка

Exclamation and question marks — восклицательные и вопросительные знаки Graphic expressive means — графические выразительные средства Graphic imagery—графическая образность Graphon — графой Instrumentation - инструментовка Onomatopoeia [^эпзитэЪзи'рпэ]— звукоподражание .Phonological language level-фонологический уровень языка Repetition of consonants — повтор согласный звуков Repetition of stressed vowels - повтор ударных, гласных звуков Shaped verses ■ - фигурные стихотворения Text equivalent-эквивалент текста'

Versification - стихосложение <■

Expressive means exist .on the phonological language level. Specific combinations of sounds may create different speech effects and devices.

1 Phonetic_stvlistic devices belong ^: to versification^r arid instrumentation types.)

Versification is the art of writing verses. Tt is the imaginative expression of emotion, thought, or narrative, mostly in metrical form- and often using figurative language. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose (ordinary written language) by rhyme or the rhythmical arrangement of words (metre),

' ^ Instrumentation is, the art of selecting and combining sounds in order to make utterances expressive and mclodic. ' Instrumentation unites three basic stylistic devices; alliteration, assonance and onomatopoeia. ,

I T~ Alliteration is a stylistically motivated repetition of consonants, The repeated sound is often met at the beginning of words. The initial consonant sound is usually repeated in two neighbouring words (sometimes also in words that are not next to each other). Alliteration draws attention to the phrase and is often used for emphasis. E.g.: for the greater good of; safety and security; share a continent but nor a country. '■ ■ •••.' ■

Alliteration is often used in children’s rhymes, because it emphasizes rhythm and makes memorizing easier. Alliteration is used much; more in poetry than in prose. It is also used m proverbs:and sayings, set expressions, football chants and advertising jingles. ' ••

Sornnce is a stylistically motivated repetition of stressed vowels.. The repeated > stand close together to create a euphonious effect and rhyme. Just like ition, assonance makes texts easy to memorize. It is also popular in advertising for the same reason. Assonance is seldom met as an independent stylistic device. It is usually combined with alliteration, rhyming, and other devices. j- -^-Onomatopoeia is a combination of sounds'which imitate natural sounds: wind / wailing, sea murmuring, rustling of leaves, bursts of thunder, etc. Example:' hum, buzz,

L_crash, swish, cuckoo. Words which represent this figure of speech have aural similarity with the things they describe. This sound device, creates an especially vivid impression. Onomatopoeia is used for emphasis or stylistic effect. It is extensively featured in children's rhymes and poetry in.gen.eral, ■ , _;

To create additional information m a prose discourse in contemporary advertising, ; j mass media and creative prose sound is foregrounded, through the change of . its ■ J accepted graphical representation.; Such, intentional yiolation of the graphical form of j a woi:d or word combination which is used to reflect its authentic pronunciation is called graphon. The latter is .considered to be,van effectivemeans of giving information about the speaker’s origin, social and educational background, physical or . emotional condition, etc. At the same time graphon is very good at conveying the •atmosphere of authentic live communication, of the informality of the speech act.

Graphie expressive means are used to render. various types of emotional coloring of thé utterance. Qne of the most important means, of graphic imagery is punctuation. Punctuation is used in writing to show the stress, rhythm and tone of the spoken words. Thus punctuation often points to emotional pansés, irony, etc. The exclamation mark indicates surprise, gladness, irritation, despair, indignation, anger, , alarm and other emotions. When the exclamation mark is put at the end of the sentence which is not exclamatory by nature, it .may express such shades of modality as the speaker’s irony, sorrow, nostalgia, etc, The abundance of exclamation and question marks reflects various emotions of the speakers such as ■ surprise, irritation, despair, indignation, anger, alarm, etc:

That’s good! Oh yes! And what about you?

• What about me?

• What are you doing here?

• Weil? .

• Oh, don't be so innocent, Ruth. This house/ This room! This hideous, God­awful room! (G. Osborne)

f A very important fonction is performed by dashes and suspension marks. They are often used to indicate emotional pauses. The dash is used to indicate a sudden change of thought, and additional comment, or a dramatic qualification: That yvas the end of the matter ~ or so we thought. Dashes can be used to insert a comment or a list of things; Everything - furniture, paintings, and books ~ survived in the fire. Dash and suspension marks also reflect different types of emotional states: confusion, uncertainty, nervousness, etc.

• Martin didn ’t shoot himself

• Martin didn’t-

• Of course he didn ’t. I shot him. (J.B. Priestly)

I Full stop performs different stylistic fonctions. The foil stop, signals the end of (the declarative sentence. It indicates a strong-pause. Besides, when the author tries to render a quick change of events or to create a stylistic device of parceling, foil stop often divides the text into separate short sentences. "

.In this case full stop may used even before the conjunctions and, but,

Stone, bronze, stone, steel, stone, oak leaves, horses' heels over the paving.

And the flags. And the trumpets. And so many eagles.

How many? Count them. And such a press of people. (T. Elliot) .

£ Absence of punctuation is very often-used by inodem authors. Thus, the ence of full stops may render the stylistic device knowh as the stream of sciousness. .

i'm V[■ ■ ; .' ”

asking

you dear to .

what else could a

■ ■

no but it doesn’t

of course but you don't seem

to realize i can't.make , . , _r