2. Extension of the sentence model (repetition; enumeration; tautology; polysyndeton; parallel constructions).

Anaphora ~ анафора

Chiasmus [kai'aszmss] - хиазм

Enumeration [^njt^ms'reijsn] - перечисление

Epiphora - эпифора

Framing - обрамление

Linking - присоединение I

Parallel construction — параллелизм

Polysyndeton—многосоюзие

Repetition - повтор

Tautology [toi'tolsdgi] - тавтология

Stylistic repetition of language units in speech (separate words, word combinations or sentences) is one of the most frequent stylistic devices. There are such structural types of repetition as:

1. Simple repetition of¹ sentence parts and separate sentences: I am weary, wear,, weary of the whole thing! "Dear!' dear! What afury to fly at Mater John!"

2. Anaphora - the repeated word or word-combination is at the beginning of each syntactic structure: Victory is what we need Victory is what we expect You are like a murderer - vou are like a slave-driver - you are like the Roman emperors!

3. Epiphora - die repeated unit is placed at the end of each syntactic structure: It is natural to be scared in a case like that. You are sure to be petrified in a case like that.

4. Framing when the initial part of a language unit is repealed at the end this unit , Poor Mary. How much Jack loved her! What will he do now? Poor Mary.

5. Linking when the final component of a syntactic structure is repeated at the beginning of a sequential syntactic structure: It was because o f that dreadful occurrence. That dreadful occurrence had changed it all.

6. Chiasmus in which there is a cross order of repeated language units: The iail might have been the infirmary, the infirmary might have been the iail.

The stylistic function of repetition is to emphasize a certain component of the utterance. A repeated language unit obtains additional stylistic information.

Enumeration is a syntactic device of naming objects so that there appears a chain of homogeneous parts of the sentence: There were cows., hens. goats, peacocks and sheep in the village.

If a chain of enumerating words is long, it creates the effect of great quantity of objects. If the objects being enumerated are heterogeneous, enumeration raises the expressiveness of speech, makes it dynamic and informative.

Repetition may also be of unintentional, involuntary or tautological nature. Tautological repetition may be caused by a number of reasons:

1. The speaker's excitement, fright, scare, grief and other deep emotions: Darling, darling Bundle. Oh, darling Bundle. She's dead; I know she’s dead. Oh, my darling. Bundle darling, darling Bundle. I do love you so. Bundle -darling - darling...

2. Low cultural level of the speaker: No one could do the job more better. The name of my informant... the name of my informant... the name of... the name. The name escapes me.

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3. Peculiar physical condition of the speaker alcoholic intoxication, drowsiness,

unconsciousness, etc.: "/ did.':, what you said... "Dun gasped, closing his eyes

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and squeezing the words out in painful jerks. "It way too late... Give me something, Doc... Give me something, quickly. Get to hold out... get'us down... She’s on autopilot but... got to get dawn... Must tell Control... must tell..." His mouth moved silently. With a desperate effort he tried to speak Then his eyes rolled up and he collapsed.

Involuntary repetition becomes stylistically significant when it is used in writing as a characterization device.

Polysyndeton is stylistically motivated redundant repetition of conjunctions or prepositions: The dog barked and pulled Jack, and growled, and raged.

Polysyndeton is a means of rhythmical organization of the utterance. Due to this quality it is widely used in poetry. It also makes for underlining the most important part of information.

Parallelism is a stylistic device of producing two or more syntactic structures according to the same syntactic pattern; Mary cooked dinner, John watched TV, Pete played tennis.

A parallel construction is a j means of enumerating facts, comparing them or confronting them. Parallel confrontation of facts may result in another stylistic device

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• antithesis: Married men have wives, and don’t seem to want them. Single fellows have no wives, and do itch to obtain them.

Syntactic parallelism is performs a number of functions. It creates rhythm and is typical of poetry, It makes speech persuasive and therefore it typical of the publicistic

and oratory styles. It underlines important information and is widely used in everyday speech. E.g.: Our senses perceive no extremes. Too much sound deafens us; too much light dazzles us; too great distance or proximity hinders our view.

Questions for discussion:

1. Speak about the main types of extension of the sentence model.

2. Give definitions to the following notions: repetition; polysyndeton; parallel constructions.

3. Dwell upon the main types of repetitions and their stylistic function.

4. Speak about the stylistic function of the involuntary repetition.

5. Define the notion of “enumeration” and speak about its styiistic function.

6. Characterize the stylistic value of parallel constructions.