V. Stylistic Semasiology.

1. Figures of quality

Antonomasia — антономазия Contiguity [,konti'gju:iti] - смежность Epithets ['epiGet] — эпитет Euphemism ['ju:fimizm] - эвфемизм Figure of quality - фигура качества Inanimate objects — неодугиевленные объекты Irony — ирония

Metaphor ['metafe] -метафора Metonymy [mi'tonimi] —метонимия

Periphrasis [ps'rifrssis] -пер раз Personification [p9:,sonifl'ketj3n] — олицетворение Synecdoche [si'nekdakl] — синекдоха Transference - перенос

I Metaphor is a figure of qualify and is understood as die result of transference of. the name of one object to another object Metaphoric transference is based upon similarity of the objects.

Epithets are such attributes which describe objects expressively. Epithets may

pe classified on the basis of their semantic and structural properties. Semantically, epithets fall into two groups: epithets associated with die nouns modified and epithets

not associated with the nouns modified. Associated epithets point out typical features of

die objects which they describe. Such typical features are implied by the meaning of

the nouns themselves: if forest, then - dark; if attention, then - careful; if seas, then - salty; if tears, then - bitter; if sky, then - blue. Unassociated epithets ascribe such qualities to objects which are not inherent in them As a result of this, metaphors emerge fresh, unexpected, original and expressive: voiceless sands, helpless loneliness; thirsty deserts; blank face; murderous weather.

As to their structural composition, qrithets are divided into simple, compound, phrasal and clausal Simple epithets are ordinary adjectives: magnificent 'sight; tremendous pressure: overwhelming occupation.

sts are, expressed by compound adjectives: mischief-making ' boy, heart-burning desire.

uch a variety of metaphor which is fcased upon the principle of nan beings with things which surrounds them People may be identified with other people, with animals, with inanimate objects and natural

phenomena,

are expressed by word-combinations of quotation type: do-it-

’.ourself command\ go-to-devil request, head-to-toe beauty.

are expressed by sentences: I-don 'i-u>an t-to~do-it feeling. I-did-

ersonification is such a stylistic device the essence of which lies in ascribing an behaviour, thoughts and actions to inanimate objects.

ie tony my is transference of a name of one object to another object, momy (unlike metaphor) uses figurative expressions that are closely

associated with the subject in terms of place, time or background. The figurative expression is not a physical part of the subject, however. Metonymic transference of names is based upon the principle of contiguity of the two objects. Metonymy may be lexical and contextual (genuine). Lexical metonvmv is a source of creating'new words or new meanings: table's leg, teapot's nose, a hand (instead of a worker). Contextual metonvmv is the result of unexpected substitution of one word for another in speech. It is fresh and expressive. E.g.: This pair of whiskers is a convinced scoundrel. Stylistic metonymy builds up imagery, points out this or another feature of the object described, and makes speech economical. Metonymy can be understood as a specific kind of symbolism by which the most essential component of the subject is abstracted to represent it. This component acts as a single symbol for something larger and usual more complex.

T Synecdoche is a variety of metonymy. Synechdoche is some kind of generalization or specification that uses a part, a member or a characteristic of what is meant. The following possibilities are common:

1. Part used instead of the whole, Example: Turning our long boat round on the last morning required all cihnds on deck.

2. Whole used instead of a part. E.g. Troops hold the driver.

3. General term used instead of a specific one: E.g. The animal came closer.

4. Material used instead of the products. #. She wore gold around her neck

Periphrasis is also a variety of metonymy and is used for the replacement of a direct name of a thing or phenomenon by the description of some quality of this thing or phenomenon Periphrasis intensifies a certain feature of the object described. It stands close to metonymy becauie it is one more way to rename objects. There are such types of periphrasis as logical and figurative. Logical periphrasis is based upon one of the inherent properties of the object: weapons = instruments of destruction. Figurative periphrasis is based upon metaphor or metonymy: to marry - to tie the knot (metaphor).

Euphemism is a word or word-com bination which is used to replace an un­pleasantly sounding word or word-combination. Euphemisms may be classified according to the spheres of their application: E.g. religious euphemisms (God.~ Lord, Almighty, Heaven, goodness).

Ёгопу is created when the speaker intentionally breaks the principle of sincerity >eech. Ironically used words acquire meanings opposite to their primary language sings.

Questions for discussion:

1. Speak about the peculiarities of metaphor, personification and epithets.

2. Characterize the variants of metonymy and synecdoche.

3. Dwell upon the stylistic function of periphrasis and euphemism.

4. Characterize the peculiarities of antonomasia and irony.