Grammar ا لاستنتاج deduction
المضارع
لابد
وأنه
كذا
must
be
لا يمكن أنه كذا can't be
و تستخدم كل منهما لعمل استنتاجات في المضارع
He has a villa . He must be rich .
He has a villa . He can't be poor .
I t is quite possible ربما يكون may be …
It is possible but not probable ربما يكون might be …
الفعل المساعد may بعبر عن احتمال ولكن المتحدث " uncertain " أي غير متأكد .
الفعل المساعد might يعبر عن احتمال ضعيف ويعني أن المتحدث " very uncertain "
Ali is absent . He may be ill . It's quite possible but I'm not sure .
Ali is absent . He might be ill . It's just possible but I don't think so .
الماضي
لابد وأنه كان كذا must have + P. P
لا يمكن أنه كان كذا can't have + P. P
و تستخدم كل منهما لعمل استنتاجات في الماضي
I can't find my pen . Someone must have taken it .
Sohier didn't answer any questions . She can't have studied well .
He must have been telling lies . He can't have been telling the truth
(uncertain
)
ربما
كان
may
have + P. P
…
( very uncertain ) ربما كان might have + P. P …
Ramy may have been ill yesterday . He didn't attend the meeting .
I haven't seen Tamer for along time . He might have travelled abroad .
ا لنصيحة Advice
المضارع
1 – You should / shouldn't
2 – You ought to
3 – You'd better / better not
4 – If I were you , I'd / wouldn't
5 – Why don't you
6 – The best thing to do is to
7 – I advise you to / not to
8 – My advice to you is to
9 – It is advisable to / not to
10 - It is desirable to / not to
You should take a lot of exercise .
If I were you , I'd study my lesson .
الماضي
should / shouldn't have + P.P
They should have closed the window .
You should have studied hard .
للرد على النصيحة بالقبول نقول :
1 – Yes , I know I should / shouldn't .
2 – Yes , you are right .
3 – I'll do it now soon …later …now .
4 – That's a great idea .
5 – Why didn't I think of that …?
عدم القبول نقول :
1 – I don't want to do that .
2 – I don't really think so .
3 – Absolutely ……..
4 – Certainly not …….
وعند عدم التأكد نقول :
May be . & I'm not sure about that . & I'll think about it . & I'll see .
لاحظ
ا
لأتى
جملة كاملة ( فعل + فاعل ) While / As
While / As I was doing my homework , my father came .
While / As it was raining , I was sleeping .
اسم & اسم + صفة During
Adel phoned during my lunch .
Adel phoned while I was having lunch
رابعا روابط الغرض
المصدر + to – in order to – so as to
He studies hard to get high marks .
He went to Cairo in order to visit his uncle .
مصدر + ( مضارع ) ) can / mayفاعل) so that / in order that
مصدر +( ماضي ) ) could / mightفاعل) so that / in order that
He studies hard so that he can get high marks .
He went to Cairo so that he could visit his uncle .
Exercises
1. Choose the correct answer:
1. Wael travelled to Alexandria on (study / business / show / display), He's a businessman.
2. Mario is Italian as he was born in (Paris/ Scotland/ Rome/ England).
3. I can't get in touch with him. He left his (pen/ bag/ book/ mobile) at home.
4. Nadia stayed in this (mobile/ phone/ hotel/ market) for a week.
5. Dad's (plane/ ladder/ ship/ train) will arrive at the airport soon.
6. (Mechanics/ Children/ Engineers/ Farmers) like playing with toys.
7. I think you have made a (note/ book/ mistake/ fish), you didn't answer his message.
8. The phone rang. Rania asked me if she could (speak/ say/ write/ answer) it.
9. Dad must have (left/ sent/ met/ built) to France. You can't see him now.
10. At last I managed to get a three- (bathroom/ bedroom/ dining room/ study room ) flat in a quiet area.
11. Now you can't climb down the tree, you (must/ mustn't/ should/ shouldn't) have climbed up.
12. He was very sad yesterday; he (can't/ might/ must/ should) have succeeded in the exams.
13. you (must/ should/ mustn't/ shouldn't) have told me about your to Ali, I would have come with you.
14. I'm not sure he called. He (must/ can't/ might/ should) have called.
15. Before he left, he should have (checked/ answer covered) his flight.
16. Hany (climbed down/ climbed up/ arrived/ got)the tree apples.
17. Mum added some (paper/ fruit/ pepper/ piper) to the food.
18. The table was (dropped/ painted/ checked/ covered) white cloth.
19. The cat ran up and (dropped/ fell/ cut/ shut) a dish.
20. Hassan (worked/ taught/ caught/ finished) the meeting at 7.
21. The ship stayed in the (port/ airport/ spaceport/ station) because of the storm.
22. The spaceship was able to (sand/ earth/ land/ ground) on the moon.
23. I'm very (sad/ mad/ glad/ fat) you found your mobile.
24. He must have (left/ looked/ gave/ finished) his phone at home.
25. Columbus (invented/ discovered/ reclaimed/ painted) Am 1492.
26. A vehicle runs on (wheels/ bicycles/ bikes/ tyres).
27. The food tasted hot because Samira had put a lot of (paper/ beans/ pepper) in it.
28. A piece of land surrounded by water is ( a river/ a lake/ an ocean/ an island).
29. A (historian/ doctor/ mechanic/ scientist) is someone who studies the past.
30. The pyramids were built as (garden/ temples/ tombs/ streets) for the dead.
31. A ( historian/ scientist/ sailor/ teacher) is someone who works on ships.
32. (A lake/ A pool/ An ocean/ A river) is the name for a very big sea.
33. ( Tobacco/ Coffee/ Tea/Sugar) is used for making cigarettes.
34. Egypt lies in the Middle ( West / East / South/ North).
35. I studied hard (so/ because/ so that/ to) I could pass the test.
36. I was there so that I (can/ could/ will/ may) meet him.
37. (During/ As/ Just as/ While) the film, I slept.
38. I go to school (so/ because/ so that/ to) learn.
39. I (practise/ practised/ will practise/ am practising) very well so that could win the match.
40. I worked hard (so/ so that/ to/ because) improve my mark.
41. A: Where is Sandra?
B: I don't know; she (can't/ must/ should/ will) have gone home.
42. Ramzy (must! shouldn't/ can't/ should) have invited me, but he forgot.
43. I can't find my mobile; I (must/ should/ will/ can't) have forgotten it at home.
44. You look tired; you (will/ can't/ shouldn't/ should) have played a lot.
45. (During/ As/ If/ After) I was studying, the bell rang.
46. I read a lot (to/ so that/ because/ as) know more.
47. I woke up early (to/ so/ as/ so that) I could arrive in time.
48. (As/ When/ During/ By) watching the film, I slept.
49. The streets are wet; it (must/ mustn't/ can't/ should) have rained last night.
50. He doesn't look happy; he (can't/ can/ must/ should) have succeeded.
51. (As/ What/ During/ When) watching the play, I fell asleep.
52. I looked out of the window (so/ so that/ to/ because) I could say goodbye to my friends.
Rewrite the following sentences :
1. I'm sure she went to school. (must)
2. I'm sure she didn't go to school. (can't)
3. You were wrong to go without your umbrella. (should)
4. You were wrong to visit him without calling. (shouldn't)
5. It's possible he travelled to London. (might )
5. There are old books about a Chinese sailor who sailed east. (China )
2. Ancient Egyptians might have sailed to America. (probable)
3. Iceland is an island in the Atlantic. (situated)
4. Alexander Fleming is a famous scientist. (known)
1. During the match, I fell down. (As)
2. We go to school to learn. (so that)
3. I took money from my father to buy a present for my friend. (so that)
4. I ran fast so that I could catch the train. (to)
5. As I was watching the film, I slept. (During)
6. As I was playing, 1 felt tired. (During)
1. The ship fired rockets for help. (so that)
2. Despite messages about icebergs, the sailors were not worried (although)
3. Sailors thought the Titanic was unsinkable. (couldn't)
1. I'm sure you passed your exams. (must)
2. I'm not sure she came early. (might)
3. You were wrong to stay up all night. (shouldn't)
4. I'm sure he didn't get the full mark. (can't)
1. I'm sure he went to work. (must)
2. I'm sure he didn't come home. (can't)
3. We go to school so that we can learn. (to)
4. During reading, you entered. (As)
Correct the underlined word(s):
1. He was careful so he got a bad mark.
2. I remembered my brother of his meeting.
3. He fell the rubbish in the bin.
4. He must forget his book yesterday
1. You should have go on time.
2. We shouldn't have forget his birthday.
3. Juliana must has done her homework.
4. Stephen might had slept.
1. Columbus invented America.
2. He speaks Italy language.
3. A pool is the name of a very big sea.
4. As a result of the incident the plane disappeared.
5. Some history found tobacco in Egyptian tombs.
1. During I was studying, you came.
2. As I was play, it rained.
3. I go to school so that I could learn.
4. We play to enjoying.
1. Firemen try to put up the fire in the house.
2. An iceberg jumps in the sea.
3. The drawing ship fired guns for help.
4. As a result of the flight incident, all crew died.
5. The plane set up at six.
Read and match:
A |
B |
1. Maged had to go to Rome 2. Dad's plane must have arrived 3. The word "arrival" is 4. He must have left his mobile 5. Passenger plane can travel |
-at home . - long distances. - on a business trip. - an adjective, - a noun. - late in London |