6. dissertation [countable] a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one that is done as part of a degree course at college or university диссертация; дипломная работа: Assessment is by written examination and dissertation. | More senior pupils in schools can use a word processor to write up projects or dissertations for internal or external examinations. | Many doctoral dissertation proposals will be as long as 60 or more pages.

7. Thesis | dissertation collocations

thesis / dissertation on / about sth: His thesis on the division of labour itself lacks an adequate conception of power. | This thesis about the meaning of ethical words is presented against the background of a causal theory of meaning in general. | He is currently writing a dissertation on the Somali civil war.

to write / do / work on / undertake a thesis / dissertation: He wrote his doctoral thesis on contemporary French literature. | I was doing a thesis on working-class education in the late nineteenth century. | She's still working on her thesis. | She did her dissertation in History / on Baudelaire. | Pupils also undertake a dissertation on a subject of their own choice.

to submit a thesis / dissertation (to an examining board) представлять диссертацию / дипломную работу к защите

submission of a thesis / dissertation (to an examining board) представление диссертации / дипломной работы к защите: Diploma and certificate courses do not normally require the submission of a dissertation.

to accept / reject a thesis / dissertation утвердить / отвергнуть диссертацию

to refer back a thesis / dissertation вернуть диссертацию на доработку

8. research worker | researcher [countable] someone who does research исследователь, ученый: The Avon Papers are now available for study by research workers on application to the University Library. | Take care that your teaching is not guided by your preferences as a research worker.

9. scientist [countable] someone who is trained in science, especially someone whose job is to do scientific research ученый; естествоиспытатель; научный работник / сотрудник: a research / nuclear scientist | a great / eminent / distinguished scientist | Scientists say they've already collected more data than had been expected.

10. scholar [countable] someone who studies and knows a lot about a particular subject, especially one that is not a science subject ученый; филолог: a great / eminent / distinguished scholar | a classical / classics / history / literary scholar | a Shakespearean / Greek scholar | He has proved to be an excellent literary scholar. | Dr Miles was a distinguished scholar of Russian history.

11. research student | postgraduate / graduate student [countable] a student doing research under the direction of a college or university teacher последипломный студент; студент магистратуры; аспирант

12. research institute / centre [countable] научно-исследовательский институт

13. supervisor (BrE) | advisor (AmE) [countable] a teacher at a university who is in charge of a student's research научный руководитель: Each student has a supervisor to advise on the writing of the dissertation.

24. Types of subjects

1. subject [countable] an area of knowledge which is studied and taught at a school, college or university дисциплина, предмет: English was my favourite subject at school. | There appears to be no syllabus, no timetable, no formal division of work into school subjects, no specific playtimes.

to study a subject: There were also sharp drops in the numbers wanting to study engineering subjects and pharmacy. | University offers a unique opportunity to study subjects not offered at school as well as those of which applicants may have some experience.

to teach a subject: They would use new methods to teach traditional academic subjects and equip young people with technical skills.

2. discipline [countable] an area of knowledge which is studied and taught at a college or university дисциплина, предмет: History and economics only became separate academic disciplines in the 20th century. | The traditional academic disciplines are less popular among students, who now prefer subjects such as business studies. | Recent historical studies stress the importance of scientific disciplines and research programmes.

3. subject area [countable] a particular subject or group of related subjects дисциплина, предмет; группа / цикл дисциплин / предметов: The course covers three main subject areas. | A choice of optional units is also available from other relevant subject areas.

4. academic subject / discipline / course теоретическая дисциплина, теоретический курс: Each academy has one integrated project that combines the career theme with the separate academic subjects. | The book brings together several academic disciplines.

5. vocational subject / course профессионально-ориентированная дисциплина, профессионально-ориентированный курс: Others might take two to four vocational courses at a community college or a technical institution.

6. compulsory subject / course a subject / course that a student must take обязательный предмет

7. optional subject / course | option (BrE) | elective subject / course (AmE) | elective (AmE) [countable] one of the subjects that a student can choose to study at school for an examination, or as part of a course at college or university, in addition to the courses they must take факультативный предмет: Spanish is an optional subject. | There are optional courses in sociology. | Several options are offered for the student's senior year. | I did an option in Korean Studies. | The students regard this subject as a soft option. (= easier than other optional subjects) | Elective courses vary from school to school. | A mixed group of students would be catered for by placing greater emphasis on electives.

8. core subject a subject that is compulsory in English schools for five- to sixteen-year-old pupils: The core subjects of the National Curriculum in England, which are compulsory for five to sixteen-year-olds, are English, mathematics and science.

9. foundation subject a subject that is studied and taught in English schools in addition to the core subjects: The second level of the National Curriculum is the so-called foundation subjects, which are technology, history, geography, music, art, physical education and, for secondary school pupils, a modern foreign language.

10. (the) arts | (the) humanities [plural] subjects of study that are not scientific, such as history, literature, philosophy and languages гуманитарные дисциплины / предметы / науки: an arts subject / course / degree / education / graduate / student / teacher | the Faculty of Arts | At school I was quite good at arts, but hopeless at science. | Children should be given a well-balanced education in both the arts and the sciences.

11. liberal arts [plural] (esp. AmE) subjects of study, such as history, literature, philosophy and languages, that give students a general education and teach them to think, rather than those subjects that develop practical skills гуманитарные дисциплины / предметы / науки; общеобразовательные дисциплины: a liberal arts college / degree / education / graduate / student / teacher | In the public sector, many managers have liberal arts degrees in public administration.

12. science [uncountable] | (the) sciences [plural] subjects of study such as biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, and sometimes mathematics естественные науки: a science subject / course / degree / education / graduate / student / teacher | Are you going to specialize in arts or sciences? | No wonder only one in 10 university students studies science.

13. to specialize [intransitive] (1) to major (esp. AmE) | to read [transitive; intransitive] (BrE) (formal) to study something as your main subject at college or university специализироваться (в определенной области), (углубленно) изучать: After his first degree he wishes to specialize. | After she qualified as a lawyer, she decided to specialize in contract law. | She majored in philosophy at Harvard. | I read history at Oxford. | He is reading for a law degree.

(2) to be an expert in a particular part of a subject or profession специализироваться, углубленно изучать: My history professor specialized in Russian history.

14. to minor [intransitive] (esp. AmE) to study something as your second main subject at college or university, in addition to your main subject, or major изучать предмет второй / дополнительной специализации / специальности: He minored in political science. | I'm planning to study computer science, but I still might minor in English.

15. specialization [countable; uncountable] the study of a particular part of a wider subject специализация: In the course I'm taking, there's no opportunity for specialization until the final year. | The course offers three areas of specialization – fine art, graphic design, and fashion. | This degree offers a major specialization in Social Policy alongside a course in Sociology.

16. major [countable] (esp. AmE) (1) the main subject that a student studies at college or university профилирующая дисциплина; основная специализация / специальность: Her major is history. | I'm changing my major to political science. | He would be going on to college and a major in Romance languages after high school. | One reason is a sharp drop in the number of undergraduate students choosing economics as a major. | English 4 is a requirement for English majors.

(2) someone who studies a particular subject as their main subject at college or university студент, специализирующийся в определенной области: She's a history / philosophy major at Berkeley.

17. minor [countable] (esp. AmE) (1) the second main subject that a student studies at college or university, in addition to their main subject, or major непрофилирующая дисциплина; вторая / дополнительная специализация / специальность: He received a bachelor's degree in sociology, with a minor in literature. | I'm taking history as my minor.

(2) someone who studies a particular subject as their second main subject at college or university, in addition to their main subject, or major студент, изучающий непрофилирующую дисциплину