Practice

Translate the following sentences paying attention to the infinitive.

1. It is the most difficult to oxidize this substance.

2. It is a simple matter to record a small wave.

3. The paper presents a new procedure to prepare these compounds.

4. It did not take them 2 hours to carry out this reaction.

5. Compound II can be hydrolyzed to yield free amine.

6. A more general theory must be sought to account for these interconversions.

7. Rotation spectra can be used to measure bond length.

8. The oxide preparation was closely controlled to minimize chlorides.

9. To minimize decomposition of the iodine –containing compound, he employed alkaline hydrolysis.

10. A given fluid is made to flow very slowly into the reaction vessel.

11. This phenomenon causes peaks emerging by elution from the column to be very asymmetric.

12. The enhancement in the intensity of this band is sufficient to enable conjugation to be recognized.

Part 2

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

Blast furnace

100

Blast furnace is a furnace for smelting iron ores, such as haematite (Fe₂O₃) or magnetite (Fe₃O₄) to make pig iron. The furnace is a tall refractory-lined cylindrical structure that is charged at the top with the dressed ore, coke and a flux, usually limestone. The conversion of the iron oxides to metallic iron is a reduction process in which carbon monoxide and hydrogen are the reducing agents. The overall reaction can be summarized thus:

Fe₃O₄ + 2CO + 2H₂ 3Fe + 2CO₂ + 2H₂O.

The CO is obtained within the furnace by blasting the coke with hot air from a ring of tuyeres about two-thirds of the way down the furnace. The reaction producing the CO is:

2C + O₂  2CO.

In most blast furnaces hydrocarbons (oil, gas, tar, etc.) are added to the blast to provide a source of hydrogen. In the modern direct-reduction process the CO and H₂ may be produced separately so that the reduction process can proceed at a lower temperature. The pig iron produced by a blast furnace contains about 4% of carbon and further refining is usually required to produce steel or cast iron.

Voсabulary

blast furnace - доменная печь

to smelt - плавить, выплавлять

haematite - красный железняк, гематит

magnetite - магнетит, магнитный железняк

refractory - огнеупорный, огнеупор, огнеупорный материал

lined - футерованный

dressed - обработанный

coke - кокс

flux - флюс

limestone - известняк

cast iron - чугун

to obtain - получать

tuyere - фурма

pig iron - чугун в чушках

tar - деготь

blast - дутье, форсированная тяга

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.

1. What is blast furnace used for?

2. How is CO obtained in blast furnace?

3. What is an appearance of blast furnace?

4. Why are hydrocarbons added to the blast in most blast furnaces?

5. What alloys does blast furnace produce?

Exercise 3. Put questions to the bold-typed words.

1. Blast furnace is a furnace for smelting haematite (Fe₂O₃).

2. The conversion of the iron oxides to metallic iron is a reduction process.

3. In most blast furnaces hydrocarbons (oil, gas, tar, etc.) are added to the blast to provide a source of hydrogen.

4. The reduction process can proceed at a lower temperature.

5. The pig iron contains about 4% of carbon.

6. Further refining is usually required to produce steel or cast iron.

7. The furnace is a tall refractory-lined cylindrical structure.

Exercise 4. Give the equivalents for the following words and make up sentences with them: refractory, lined, dressed, ore, magnetite, furnace, blast, reduction, hydrocarbon, to smelt, flux, tar, limestone.

E

101

xercise 5. Put the following words in the gaps: blast furnace, to obtain, reduction, hydrocarbons, cast iron, pig iron, refractory.

1. To take out the metal we have melted iron ore in… .

2. We have converted iron oxide to metallic iron by … .

3. Pig iron can be … at high - temperature melting.

4. … is a hard type of iron that does not bend easily.

5. … is a form of iron that is not pure.

6. There are various … found in natural gas and petrol.

7. … materials are fire-resistant materials.

Exercise 6. Guess the concept based on the definition.

1. A substance that allows heat or electricity to pass through it.

2. A colorless gas that is the lightest of all chemical elements. It combines with oxygen to form water.

3. A yellow precious metal which is used for making coins, jewellery, ornaments.

4. The smallest part of a chemical element that can take part in a chemical reaction.

5. A strong hard metal that is made of the mixture of iron and carbon.

6. A chemical element found in all living organisms and existing in a pure state as graphite or diamond.

Exercise 7. Put the following sentences into Passive.

1. Yesterday we bought a new blast furnace.

2. Now we are testing new equipment.

3. We added hydrocarbons to the blast to provide a source of hydrogen.

4. We used new technique to increase the yield of hydrocarbons.

Exercise 8. Make the summary of the text: “Blast furnace” from Ex. 1.