- •Foreword
- •Grammar Check-in
- •Verb tenses
- •1.2.Present Progressive Tense
- •1.3. Present Perfect Tense.
- •1.4.Present Perfect Progressive Tense.
- •1.5. Past Simple Tense
- •Ved or irregular verbs.
- •1.6. Past Progressive Tense
- •1.7. Past Perfect Tense
- •1.8. Past Perfect Progressive Tense
- •2. Passive voice
- •3. Modal verbs
- •3.1. Can and be able to
- •3.2. Must, have to, should, ought to, need to, be to.
- •I have to do it. Does he have to do it? We do not have to do it.
- •I need to do it. Do we need to do it? They don't need to do it (needn't do it).
- •3.3. May, might, will, would, shall
- •3.5. Contrastive use of modal verbs.
- •4. Conditionals
- •5. Gerund and infinitive
- •6.1. Singular and Plural with Quantifiers:
- •7. Prepositions
- •8. Phrasal verbs
- •8.1. Phrasal verbs with idiomatic meaning.
- •9. Adjectives and adverbs
- •10. The sentence (reported speech, questions, sentence links, conjunctions, relative clauses).
- •11. Grammar Check-out
- •11.1. Verb Tenses
- •11.2. Passive Voice
- •11.3. Modal Verbs
- •11.4. Conditionals
- •11.5. Gerund and Infinitive
- •11.6. Noun
- •11.7. Prepositions
- •11.8. Phrasal Verbs
- •11.9. Adjectives and Adverbs
- •The Sentence
- •Answer Key
1.7. Past Perfect Tense
Had + done
E.g. I had done it … before he … They had not done it until … Had you done it when …?
Irregular verbs reminder |
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Thrust |
? |
? |
? |
Beat |
? |
? |
? |
Cost |
Run |
? |
? |
? |
Flew |
? |
? |
? |
Drawn |
Feed |
? |
? |
? |
Fought |
? |
Forbid |
? |
? |
? |
? |
Frozen |
Hurt |
? |
? |
? |
Knelt |
? |
? |
? |
Led |
? |
? |
Lit |
Ride |
? |
? |
? |
? |
Rung |
? |
Shone |
? |
? |
Sat |
? |
Sting |
? |
? |
? |
Swung |
? |
? |
? |
Torn |
? |
? |
Won |
1.7.1. Study the list of meanings expressed with the help of Past Perfect and give your own examples.
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Before they met he had never known real happiness |
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When they came to the airport the check in had already started . |
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By the early 20 century Russia had still remained an agricultural state. |
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I slammed the window before those birds had burst in. |
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It was freezing in the room because they had left the window open. |
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Hardly had we raised glasses when the clock struck midnight. No sooner had he held out his hands, than the handcuffs clicked. |
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I had wanted (hoped, meant, intended, thought) to visit them but there was no chance. |
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She said her husband had given up on their son. |
1.7.2. Match grammar structures with their meaning.
1. When the police arrived the guests had already gone. |
A/Priority in the past B/ Completion before past C/ Unrealised hope |
2. This woman on board behaved as though she had never flown by air before. |
A/ Priority in the past B/ Completion before past C/ Cause and consequence |
3. James Bond realised that he had made a grave mistake |
A/ Cause and consequence B/ Reported speech C/ Completion before past |
4. The kids had just had their lunch and were playing joyfully in the garden. |
A/ Priority in the past B/ Completion before past C/ Cause and consequence |
5. My intention had been to help but instead I was brutally attacked by the gang. |
A/ Reported speech B/ Cause and consequence C/ Unrealised hope |
6. I rang off before he had replied in his usual offensive manner. |
A/ Reported speech B/ Completion before past C/ Urgent action |
7. He had ruined happiness that we built together. |
A/ Unrealised hope B/ Past linked to present C/ Cause and consequence |
8. In my youth I worked for the IBM corporation |
A/ Reported speech B/ Priority in the past C/ Long-term process |
9. We were having coffee when the telephone rang. |
A/ Interrupted past action B/ Two processes in the past C/ Completion before past |
10. The sun was shining and the bathers were lying on the beach. |
A/ Two processes in the past B/ Past scene description C/ Cause and consequences |
1.7.3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate choice. Explain the difference.
My plan … to break the window but there were strong bars on it.
The dog had … the boy before he was able to shrink back.
No sooner had the stranger noticed me … he got lost in the crowd.
I … thirsty. Let's find some cola.
You can hold down your umbrella. It … any more.
When I … Tom the news, he did not believe me.
What time … Ann … out?
I … basketball all the time. Feeling tired.
I left my bag under the desk and somebody … it.
I … dreaming and suddenly woke up.
My granddad … glasses just to show off.
I … to buy a present but did not have time.
1. A/ was being B/ had been C/ has been D/ was
2. A/ bite B/ beaten C/ bit D/ bitten
3. A/ than B/ then C/ when D/ how
4. A/ am getting B/ have got C/ am being D/ have been
5. A/ does not rain B/ hasn't rained C/ isn't raining D/ rains
6. A/ had told B/ told C/ was telling D/ have told
7. A/ did … out B/ has … out C/ was … gone D/ was going
8. A/ have been playing B/ have played C/ played D/ was playing
9. A/ took B/ have taken C/ had taken D/ is taking
10. A/ was B/ have been C/ was being D/ had been
11. A/ used to wear B/ was used to wearing C/ wore D/ had worn
12. A/ had meant B/ was meaning C/ have meant D/ mean
1.7.4. Fill the gaps in the text below with verbs. Use the words given, by changing the form if necessary
Two young men, 18 and 19 year old, … a crocodile killing their friend. The creature mauled a man to death in the north of Australia in front of two friends who … up a tree. The youth went to their friend's aid, but the crocodile turned on them - still with the body in its jaws. The two 19-year-olds … up a tree, where they … 22 hours to be rescued by helicopter. There is no sign of 22-year-old young man, nor of the four-metre-long (13-foot) saltwater crocodile. The two survivors … reporters of their agonising wait for help after the crocodile … their friend away to death. The three friends … on a bicycle ride and had stopped by a river. Their friend was swept out by a strong current and, as the other two … to his rescue, one of them spotted the crocodile. They didn't hear a thing, didn't hear a scream, no splashing or anything. Two minutes later, the crocodile … the body to the surface and showed it off to the young men. Five minutes later, he was back stalking the tree around us. He … around the tree all night and pretty much of the next morning. With the crocodile still lurking beneath the tree, the helicopter raised the two young men to safety. Police said the friends … fortunate to survive. Saltwater crocodiles … the world's largest reptiles, aggressive and dangerous. About 100,000 live in tropical northern Australia. They … more than a dozen people in the past 20 years. |
Witness
Scramble
Go Wait
Tell Drag Be
Go
Bring
Hang
Be Be
Kill
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1.7.5. GRAMMAR-GLOSS. Read the text only once and write a free version of what you have read. Focus on Past Perfect (you can use other tenses as well).
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No sooner had the computers come into exams, than the students began their hi-tech cheating. New forms of exams meant that new forms of fraud became available. While educationists were thinking about new opportunities for measuring performance on the Internet, the students decided to take no chances. One of the practices that had quickly sprung up had been to hack the exam papers on line. Traditional cribbing, copying and passing notes had acquired new cutting edge forms. The students had taken a new opportunity of visiting web-sites, sending electronic messages and looking at ready answers on the screen. Immediate recommendation was to think of methods to stop students from being dishonest. The problem is quite serious because there are about 1,000 computer-assisted assessments daily in the UK and this number if growing at a rapid pace. Computers are making things more efficient in many areas but their use in exams introduces a whole new set of risks that were unknown just a couple of years ago. Schools, universities and exam boards have not considered their response to the challenge yet.
1.7.6. Read the following landmarks in the chronological history of the USA and express the ideas using Present Perfect (1), Past Simple (8), Past Progressive (1) or Past Perfect (2) where relevant. You can use prepositions e.g. "by", "since" etc.
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