Bookkeepers, accountants and controllers

Bookkeepers deal in taxes, cash flow, which include cash receipts and cash disbursements, sales, purchases and different business transactions of the company. Bookkeepers first record all the appropriate figures – in the books of original entry, or Journals. At the end of a period usually a month- the totals of each book of original entry are posted into the proper page of the Ledger. The ledger shows all the expenditures and all the earnings of the company. On the basis of all the totals of each account in the Ledger, the bookkeeper prepares a Trial Balance. Trial balances are usually drawn up every quarter. The accountant’s responsibility is to analyse and interpret the data in the Ledger and the Trial Balance.

The accountant is to determine the ways in which the business may grow in the future. No expansion or reorganization is planned without the help of the accountant. New products and advertising campaigns are also prepared with the help of the accountant. The work of accountants is rather sophisticated. Many accountants have special certificates after they pass examinations in Institute of Accountants. Certified accountants in England are called chartered accountants. In the U.S.A. the certified accountants are called certified public accountants. But it is not necessary to have a certificate to practice accounting. Junior employees in large companies, for example, often practice accounting and then take the examination. The chief accounting officer of a large company is the Controller, or Comptroller. Controllers are responsible for measuring the company’s performance. They interpret the results of the operations, plan and recommend future action. This position is very close to the top executives of the company.

Exercises:

№ 1. Complete as in the text:

Bookkeepers deal in … .

The Ledger shows … .

The accountant’s responsibility is … .

The accountant is to determine … .

Certified accountants in England are called … .

Junior employees … .

Controllers are responsible for … .

№ 2. Sum up what the text said about:

bookkeepers

accountants

controllers

journals

ledgers

№ 3. Answer the following question:

1. Who work in this sphere do you think in the most important in a company ?

2. Whose position ( of a bookkeeper, of an accountant, of a controller) do you like better ? Whom would you yourself prefer to be ?

Тема: “Налоги в Великобритании”.

Words:

trust income tax rate code board revenue appeal gain fiscal equal returns inland refund

трест, концерт доходы налог ставка, тариф код управление, совет доход аппеляция, жалоба увеличение, прирост финансовый равный доход, поступление внутренний возврат, возмещение

partnership Board of Inland Revenue completion to lodge independent emergency to clarify reference income tax corporation tax installment to charge taxpayer assessment

товарищество департамент внутренних налогов и сборов заполнение (листа) подавать (жалобу) независимый аварийный, запасной вносить ясность, уточнять ссылка, указание подоходный налог налог с доходов корпораций частичный взнос взыскивать, взымать налогоплательщик обложение (налогом)

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