Accounts and balance sheets
From the Trial Balance, prepared by the bookkeeper, the accountant creates a Profit and Loss Statement and Balance Sheet.
A Profit and Loss Statement or a Profit and Loss Account, shows the income or loss of the company for the period. The Profit and Loss Statement is made only on the basis of those accounts of the Ledger which affect the profit and loss of the company. The Profit and Loss Statement may contain the following items:
Sales
Trading profit
Depreciation
Rent received
Interest paid
Profit before tax
Tax
Profit after tax
Dividends
Profit retained
Earnings per share
The other accounts of the Ledger which reflect the assets, liabilities and capital of the firm, make up a Balance Sheet. This shows the net worth or book value of the company.
Exercises:
№ 1. Translate into Russian:
profit and loss statement
balance
balance sheet
trading profit
rent received
interest paid
profit before tax
profit retained
accounts receivable
merchandise on hand
№ 2. Sum up what the text said about:
profit and loss statements
balance sheets
№ 3. Fill in the words using the text:
A profit and Loss Statement … the income or loss of the company for the
period.
The accountant … a Profit and Loss Statement and Balance sheet.
The Profit and Loss Statement is … only on the basis of those accounts of
the Ledger which affect the profit and loss of the company.
Тема: “Рыночное исследование”.
Words:
A market A research A collection A collation Data A consumer A consumption of goods and services A demand for... Primary To observe A questionnaire A postal survey To gain an advantage over... |
Рынок Изучение, исследование Сбор Сопоставление, обработка Данные Потребитель Потребление товаров и услуг Спрос на... Первичный Наблюдать Анкета, опросный лист Обзор почты Получить преимущество над... |
Text:
Market research
A market is anywhere that buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods and services. Market research is of great importance for any business. Market research can be defined as a collection, collation and analysis of data relating to the marketing and consumption of goods and services. For example, firms gather information about the likely consumers of a new product and use the data to help in their decision making process. Market research includes the following aspects:
a demand for a product
what style, shape color or Form it should take
the price people can pay for it
information about themselves - their age, likes, interests and life styles.
Market research can either be carried out by a firm itself or by a market research agency. The research involves collecting primary data. This is information which has to be collected to gain marketing advantages over other firms. Most primary information is gathered by asking consumers questions or by observing their behavior. The most accurate way to do this is to ask or observe all consumers of a particular product. However, this may be either impractical or expensive. That's why there are some other research methods a business can use. Among them are: questionnaires, personal and telephone interviews, postal surveys, observation and many others.
Exercises:
№ 1. Find in the text these words and expressions:
Покупатели и продавцы, собирать информацию, иметь большое значение,
потенциальные потребители, процесс принятия решения, самый точный
способ, дорогой.
№ 2. Answer the following questions using the text:
What is a market ?
What aspects does it include ?
What research methods do you know ?
№ 3. Write the words in the sentences:
Market research … either be carried out by a firm itself or by a market
research agency.
This information … to be collected to gain marketing advantages over other
firms.
Market research can be defined as a collection, collation and analysis of data
relating to the marketing and consumption of goods and services.
