4. Каузативные конструкции

Каузативные глаголы – это глаголы, выражающие ту мысль, что субъект заставляет кого-либо другого выполнить действие, а не действует сам. Они обычно употребляются в трехчленных конструкциях с объектно-предикативным членом, первый компонент этого члена – каузативный глагол в личной форме; второй компонент – существительное или местоимение; третий компонент может быть различным, в зависимости от выраженных в конструкции отношений. Им может быть инфинитив, причастие (I или II), герундий, существительное, прилагательное.

Каузативные глаголы могут выражать побуждение к действию, допущение или запрещение действия, а также преобразование или переход из одного состояния в другое. Каузативность можно рассматривать как лексико-грамматическую категорию.

С одной стороны ее можно считать побудительным залогом и она обычно проявляется в трехчленной грамматической конструкции, с другой стороны, в таких конструкциях решающую роль играет значение этих глаголов. Глаголами каузативного значения являются глаголы:

to make, to get, to cause, to force, to send, to order, to set, to keep, to allow, to let, to permit, to forbid, to have, to render, to turn, to bid и др.

e.g. It was enough to make one weep. (Galsworthy) – Этого было достаточно, чтобы заставить расплакаться кого угодно.

Следует отметить, что к этой группе можно прибавить большую группу глаголов, приобретающих каузативное значение в сочетании с предлогами «into» и «out of». Такая конструкция состоит из четырех элементов:

e.g. Don’t think you can blackmail me into doing that. (The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) – Не думай, что шантажом ты сможешь заставить меня сделать это.

Число подобных глаголов с предлогами into, out of очень велико, их употребительность свидетельствует о том, что такие сочетания являются характерным явлением современного английского языка. При переводе каузативных глаголов такого типа обычно приходится вводить дополнительные слова.

Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:

1). “What made you come down on Pit-Pit Lake?” he asked carefully. (Aldridge)

2). The accuracy of the statement caused him to grin. (Wallace)

3). There’s no getting a man to walk when he knows he can fly. (Galsworthy)

4). He also had ordered his luggage to be labelled. (Bennett)

5). The blow sent me staggering. (Sommerfield)

6). I sat in my chair and said: “Yes”, “Go on”, “I follow you” to keep him going. (Wells)

7). Her tone rendered James furious. (Bennett)

8). The cold wind turned the leaves yellow. (Salten)

9). He held the door open and they passed out into the hall. (Wilde)

10). That sets us both equal. (Hilton)

11). I have his name written down because I know you find it difficult to remember Chinese names. (Greene)

12). Have your secretary type it at once. (Hammett)

13). I won’t have her insulted. You’ve no right. (Greene)

14). I made him feel uneasy. (Galsworthy)

15). He had little hope of making them understand it. (Aldridge)

16). They were not respectable folk but they could cause things to be accomplished. (Kipling)

17). Senior managers’ attitudes to women’s employment are changing more slowly than corporate image-makers would make you believe.(The Economist)

18). Aunt Alexandra stared him to silence. (Dane)

19). She had tended them, mothered them into life. (Dane)

20). The strikers can’t be bluffed and bullied into submission. (The Guardian)

21). He tried to bounce me into a rash decision by concealing half the facts. (The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

22). “Using your hands and exploring with your hands and exploring with your senses is a way to get people to think”, says Ms. Thomas.(The Guardian)

23). The 1^st explosions cause a building to start falling and the process gets faster as the explosions move upwards. (Focus Magazine)

24). Each language has its own personality, or “speech-feeling”, which limits its speakers to a certain way of thinking .( Focus Magazine)

25). The Biblical story of the Tower of Babel says that God forced people to speak many languages in order to reduce their power. (Focus Magazine)

26). During centuries of colonialism, European missionaries and administrators forced Third World people into giving up their own languages. (Focus Magazine)

27). It is no coincidence that the crater (which was caused by a kilometre-wide meteor crashing into the earth at 86,000 km/h) contains diamonds. (The National Geographic)

28). Intensifying international competition and high domestic costs are forcing German business – among others – into radical restructuring and a much greater reliance on global securities markets. (The Financial Times)

29). He stopped terrified by the glance that bid him be silent. (Steinbeck)

30). You ought to keep him looked up. (Galsworthy)

31). The exertion of making themselves heard was too great. (Galsworthy)

32). Why did you start me talking before I finished my work? (Shaw)

33). The thought sent him cold with panic. (Carter)

34). The shock sent him spinning. (Conrad)

35). He gave a short laugh that left his lips fixed in a queer fierce smile. (Galsworthy)

36). The night left him a wreck. (Wallace)

37). This concrete tenacity renders a family so formidable a unit of society. (Galsworthy)

38). What he has done names him the master realist of English drama. (Quincey)

39). Probably other readers have had this trick tried on them. (The Daily Mirror)

40). “We’ve just had our house painted. Why don’t you?” “I’m going to do it myself.” “We had men in white overalls do ours”. (Newsweek)

41). This, combined with the one million barrels of leaded petrol used per day, has caused pollution levels to sky-rocket. (The Guardian)

42). She governed the house cunningly and firmly, knew when to give credit, when to be stern and when to let things pass. (Joyce)

43). An acute heart attack is believed to happen when a tear in plaque inside a narrowed coronary artery causes platelets to aggregate, forming a clot that blocks the flow of blood .(Men’s Health)

44). She wanted to be a surgeon, but a serious eye infection forced her to abandon the idea. (Newsweek)

45). Sequoyah’s desire to preserve words and events to later generations has caused him to be remembered among the important inventors. (The National Geographic)

46). Watched by colleagues, George Mallory and Andrew Irving set out to get to the final peak. The pair had almost reached it when they were enveloped by cloud and never seen again. No one knows whether or not they conquered Everest, but new evidence discovered in the 1980s has led many people to believe they did. (The National Geographic)