4. Слова-заместители

В английском языке наблюдается очень интересное явление – наличие большого количества разнообразных слов-заместителей (prop words or structure filling words). Ими бывают, в основном, местоимения и глаголы.

Местоимения: one, ones, this, that, these, those.

Глаголы: to be, to do, to have, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought, need, dare.

Широкое употребление слов-заместителей вызвано структурными особенностями английского языка, а именно его аналитическим характером, который требует структурной завершенности предложения и строгого порядка слов. Опущение значимого компонента невозможно без подстановки заместителя.

Это опущение чаще всего диктуется стилистическими соображениями, а именно стремлением избежать повторения одного и того же слова¹ или желанием сделать высказывание более эмфатичным. Поэтому эмфатическое употребление слов-заместителей особенно характерно.

Все слова-заместители не имеют предметно-логического значения, а только контекстуальное. Их необходимо соотносить с соответствующими глагольными формами или существительными, которые они замещают, и только тогда они получают лексическую осмысленность.

e.g. The only imaginable settlement in Vietnam was one that would lead to a return to the 1954 Geneva agreements. (The Moscow News) – Единственно возможным решением вьетнамского вопроса было то, которое привело бы к возвращению к женевским соглашениям 1954 года.

Глаголы-заместители обычно делятся на полные и частичные заместители. К первым относится глагол to do в Present и Past Indefinite, который выступает как заместитель целого. Он может замещать глаголы любого значения. Во вторую группу входят все остальные глаголы-заместители. Они выступают только как часть вместо целого, являясь как бы представителем (репрезентантом) сложной глагольной формы. Такие конструкции можно рассматривать как своеобразный тип эллиптических конструкций, перевод которых всегда зависит от контекста.

e.g. “When I came here,” she explained to Mary, “nobody took any notice of me, so I thought, ‘Well, I will jolly well make them notice me: I’ll be mad.’ So I was, and they did.” (Dickens) – «Когда я приехала сюда, - объяснила она Мэри, - никто не обращал на меня внимания, и я подумала: ну, я уж их заставлю обратить на меня внимание; я прикинусь сумасшедшей! Я так и поступила и добилась своего».

Слова-заместители часто представляют трудность при переводе, т.к. бывает сложно разобраться в структуре предложения и правильно соотнести их с соответствующими словами. При переводе слов-заместителей приходится употреблять полнозначные слова (иногда и местоимения) или прибегать к различным функциональным заменам.

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¹ Повтор очень распространен в английском языке, но его употребление всегда должно быть логически и стилистически оправдано, иначе он воспринимается как нечто ненужное, как стилистическое нарушение. Этим отчасти объясняется такое широкое употребление слов-заместителей.

Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:

1). The table was a round one. (Dickens)

2). The workers are the ones who count in elections, in peaceful production and in war. (Johnstone)

3). What is peculiar about the fur of moles compared with that of most other furry animals? (The Daily Mirror)

4). A direct object is that upon which the action described by the verb is performed. (Pence)

5). When our children can read and write their names, then they will no longer live in poor houses like the ones here.(Abrahams)

6). He had seen no daily paper all week, and strangely to him, felt no desire to see one. (London)

7). Gitano’s body was as straight as that of a young man. (Steinbeck)

8). But it (bicycle) was then solid-tired and grotesquely composed of one five-foot wheel and one tiny one. (Furnace)

9). One of the great periods of social and political change in the ancient world was that which saw the final breakdown of the Roman Republic and the creation of the Empire. (The Guardian)

10). The thought had been mingled in my nightmares with that of the one-legged seafaring man. (Stevenson)

11).If you think this sounds very complicated, you are correct.It is.(Yates)

12). An ugly pair of 1960’s concrete blocks of flats, situated in one of the poorest areas of the East End of London, was an unlikely location for a party. But recently Hackney Council held one for local residents that quite literally went off with a bang .(Focus Magazine)

13). When I was a kid, my family could only afford to send one child to private piano lessons – it was expensive – and my older sister got to be the one to go. (British Airways Highlife)

14). Of course, I wanted to act, but many other people also did .(British Airways Highlife)

15). Once a producer didn’t like my name, I tried a new one but it wasn’t a success either so I went back to the old one. (British Airways Highlife)

16). His incredible career, and the legend which developed around his impressive personality, was that of a man of action, a devil-may-care adventurer, a brave war correspondent, an amateur boxer, a big-game hunter and deep-sea fisherman, the victim of 3 car accidents and 2 plane crashes, a man of 4 wives and many loves, but above all a brilliant writer of stories and novels. (Focus Magazine)

17). Indeed, the tourists speaking French might have been Belgians or Canadians; those speaking Russian could have been Lithuanians; and the ones speaking Japanese might have been doing so for the benefit of a distant relative from Tokyo. (Focus Magazine)

18). More pessimistic estimates state that only about 200 languages, those protected as official languages or spoken by more than a million people, will survive until the year 2,100 A.D. There are hundreds of languages which are spoken by fewer than 1,000 people and these will be the 1^st to go. (Focus Magazine)

19). His work took much longer to gain acceptance than that of the Impressionists – an injustice for which Cezanne bitterly resented his former artistic colleagues .(The European)

20). The English language is spoken all over Scotland with a variety of regional accents, but all of these can be at once recognized as Scottish. (British Airways Highlife)

21). Many grown birds eat both seeds and insects and feed these to their babies. (The National Geographic)

22). The dog that does not come home as well as the one that does is a large field of research for the inquisitive mind, and scepticism in such matters is scarcely a method of investigation. (The National Geographic)

23). His own background gave him the basic materials for his best novels, which were realistic comedies of lower-middle-class life. In these he was at his peak as an artist .(Focus Magazine)

24). Progress in art is unthinkable without that in technology; they always go hand in hand. (The Guardian)

25). The films which held their attention were the ones with the simplest situations and the ones which appealed to their emotions or humour .(Le Monde)

26). We looked at a lot of nurseries in the neighbourhood. We wanted a lively and friendly nursery school with plenty of activities. Fortunately, our daughter is very content in the one we found .(British Airways Highlife)

27). He has promised he won’t go there again, but I think he’s too addicted to stop. Even if he wanted to, he couldn’t – and he doesn’t. (The Daily Telegraph)

28). The Parliament has different committees. Briefly, these consist of two main types. (O’Driscoll)

29). We’ve got exams, Mum. How can anyone learn lines when they’ve got those to worry about? (Paran)

30). Two smaller groups of strong-cultured companies were selected for closer study. The 1^st one comprised high-performing firms whose net profits had, on average, increased by three times as much over an 11-year period as those in the 2^nd one .(The Economist)

31). Clara, uninvited, thought she might as well step in, so she did. (Drabble)

32). In many fields the science of the Mayas surpassed that of the Greeks and the Romans. (The National Geographic)

33). In Chichen Itza they built observatories whose domes were better orientated than the one erected in Paris in the 17^th century. (The National Geographic)

34). Soaps are human stories-dealing with the feelings and emotions of their characters. We like looking into soap characters’ lives – especially ordinary ones. If people are talking and thinking about human behaviour, it means they are increasing their understanding of human nature and learning to make their own judgements. Who is to say that these are any less valuable than the ones made about characters in literature – or in real life? (The Daily Mail)

35). The monks decorated the walls and ceilings with simple designs yet ones symbolic of early Christianity, such as crosses, fish, pomegranates and the palm tree of Paradise .(The National Geographic)

36). A long ladder provided the only route to the top and this could be drawn up by the monks in case of danger. (The National Geographic)

37). Many of them don’t last the course, though. Those that do, however, can look forward to a career which can earn them between $800 and $1000 per day, depending on who the client is, of course. (The European)

38). Good news doesn’t usually make headlines. Bad news does. (The Gardian)

39). Many stolen paintings have a strange history. But one of the strangest was that of a painting by the famous 16^th century painter Bruegel, stolen from the Courtauld Institute in London in the Eighties.(The Sunday Times)

40). His manner was not effusive. It seldom was; but he was glad, I think, to see me .(Doyle)

41). In this case I found her biography sandwiched in between that of a Hebrew rabbi and that of a staff -commander who had written a monograph upon the deep-sea fishes. (Doyle)

42). In 1930 Scotland Yard set up its first single fingerprint classification system to enable officers to compare fingerprints found on the scene of the crime with those of criminals known to the police. (The Sunday Times)

43). “All we know is that the blackguard’s gone to Paris”. – “I thought they got on so well”. “So they did.” (Maugham)

44). He occupies one of those pleasant detached houses in the mixed style that make the western end of the Upper Sandgate Road so interesting. His is the one with the Flemish gables and the Moorish portico. (Wells)

45). The discovery that there was Celtic blood about this family had excited one who believed that he was Celt himself. (Galsworthy)

46). Many observed that the finds on Easter Island recalled in many ways the relics of the prehistoric civilizations of South America. Perhaps there had once been a bridge of land over the sea, and this had sunk? (Heyerdahl)