The functions of the participle in the sentence

Attribute

The playing boy is my brother.

The boy playing in the field is my brother.

The broken chair was thrown away.

The chair broken by Tim was thrown away.

Predicative

A few pages in the book are missing.

The door is locked.

Adverbial Modifier

Playing cricket two teams hit the ball in turn.

Having won the first game they left the field talking and laughing.

Not knowing the rules of the game Tim was at a loss.

Отглагольное существительное

swimming – плавание

smoking – курение

reading – чтение

singing – пение

Любое другое существительное

dancing – танцы

talking – речь, разговор

laughing – смех

Инфинитив

before leaving – перед тем как уйти

to be afraid of falling – бояться упасть

Деепричастие

without waiting – не дожидаясь

on turning to the right – сворачивая (свернув) направо

Придаточное предложение

I do not remember seeing her before. – Я не помню, чтобы видел ее раньше.

Subject

Playing cricket is his favourite game.

Predicative

His favourite pastime is playing golf.

Object

They enjoyed visiting the fair

They think of moving to Canada.

Attribute

He does not like the idea of travelling by air.

Adverbial Modifier

They spent the day in walking about the town.

This field is used for playing cricket.

Выражает физические возможности, умение, способность совершить действие

He can drive a car but he cannot (can’t) drive a bus.

Could you speak when you were two?

Выражает просьбу, разрешение, запрет

Could you help me?

You can’t park here.

Выражает вероятность, возможность или невозможность чего-либо

This cub can grow and become dangerous.

You couldn’t have done it.

Отсутствующие формы восполняются выражением to be able to

Future

Perfect

Participle I

Modal Verbs

I’ll be able to return.

At last he has been able to see her.

Not being able to wait I left.

You must be able to ski.

Выражает просьбу, разрешение или запрет

May I see the director?

You may stay if you want to.

He said I might stay if I wanted to.

All players except the goal-keeper may not handle the ball.

Выражает предположение

I may see him in the afternoon.

He might like to meet you.

Отсутствующие формы восполняются выражением to be allowed to

Future

Perfect

Participle I

Modal Verbs

They will be allowed to go for a walk.

At last they have been allowed to talk to the director.

Not being allowed to leave the room he went away.

He must be allowed to swim.

Выражает долженствование, необходимость, приказ или совет

(в утвердительной и вопросительной форме), строгий запрет

(в отрицательной форме)

The bill must be paid.

Must we go there tomorrow?

You must go there now!

You must not smoke here!

Выражает предположение с большей степенью уверенности

It must be about 6 o’clock now.

She must have gone home.

Отсутствующие формы восполняются выражением to have to

Past

Future

Perfect

Participle I

Modal Verbs

We had to wait.

They will have to wait.

He has had to cancel his order a few times.

Having to wait for the train he became nervous.

You may have to wait.