Vocabulary

Part II

similar similarity dissimilarity message formal to the point to introduce to apply application to represent representative to satisfy defect defective to replace ordinary

like. likeness. lack of similarity. a piece of news. according to rules. relevantly. to make one person known to another. to request for something. making a request. to declare to be someone. a person appointed to act for others. to make someone contented. fault. having faults. to provide a substitute. usual.

Explanations

Part III

Similar means of the same kind. Similarly and similarity are derivatives. The plural of the latter is similarities.

The similarity in appearance between the two girls is striking.

Relate the similarities between the two governments.

The word contents means that which is contained in something, e.g. the letter in the envelope, the money in the purse etc. It can refer to the amount of liquid in a vessel or the substance of a publication or speech. In the singular, the word content has other meanings and uses. To be content with means not to want more. A contented person is a satisfied person. Contentment refers to the state of being contented.

To introduce into is to bring into use or into operation for the first time.

I will introduce additional capital into the business.

Pop music was introduced into Asia from America.

A introductory offer serves to introduce a product to a market.

A representative is a person appointed to act for others.

Who is the representative from Australia?

Representatives of the press were present.

To replace is to put back in its place. It also means to supply as a substitute. Replaceable is that which can be replaced. A replacement is somebody or something that is replaced.

You should get a replacement for the sick worker.

Replacements will be provided at cost price.

Exercises

1. Answer the following questions.

1. What is a letter of introduction?

2. In what way is the letter of introduction useful?

3. What is the letter of a person applying for a job called?

4. What is an order letter?

5. Who will write a letter of complaint?

1. Give the meanings of the following words.

1. Similar. 2. Formal. 3. Defective. 4. To satisfy. 5. Ordinary.

1. Give the word that fits the description.

1. A piece of news. 2. To declare to be someone. 3. To request for something. 4. Lack of similarity. 5. To make one person known to another.

Sample Inquiry Letter

Pet Products Ltd.

180 London Road

Exeter Ex 44 JY

England

25^th February, 1997

Dear Sir,

We read your advertisement in the “Pet Magazine” of 25^th December. We are interested in buying your equipment for producing pet food. Would you kindly send us more information about this equipment.

• price (please quote cif Odessa price)

• dates of delivery

• terms of payment

• guarantees

• if the price includes the cost of equipment installation and staff training.

Our company specializes in distributing pet products in Ukraine. We have more than 50 dealers and representatives in different regions and would like to start producing pet food in Ukraine. If your equipment meets our requirements, and we receive a favourable offer, we will be able to place a large order for your equipment.

Your early reply would be appreciated.

Yours faithfully,

V. Smurov

V. Smurov

Export-Import Manager

Sample Letter of Offer

Mr Fred North

Purchasing Manager

Broadway Autos

November 11, 1999

Dear Mr North,

Thank you very much for your enquiry. We are of course very familiar with your range of vehicles and are pleased to inform you that we have a new line of batteries that fit your specifications exactly.

The most suitable of our products for your requirements is the Artemis 66 A Plus. This product combines economy, high power output and quick charging time and is now in stock.

I enclose a detailed quotation, specifications and delivery terms. As you will see from this, our prices are very competitive. I have arranged for our agent Mr Martin of Fillmore S.A. to deliver five of these batteries to you next week, so that you can carry out the laboratory tests. Our own laboratory reports, enclosed with this letter, show that our new Artemis 66 A Plus performs as well as any of our competitor’s product and, in some respects, outperforms them

If you would like further information, please telephone or telex me: my extension number is 776. Or you may prefer to contact Mr John Martin of Fillmore S.A. in M.: his telephone number is 01 77 99 02.

I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely,

Fred Stock

Fred Stock

Sample Letter of Order

Men’s Clothes Dealers Ltd.

142 South Road

Sheffield S20 4 Hl

England

March 21, 2002

Dear Sirs,

Our Order for Silk Shirts

In response to your letter of March 17, we thank you for sending us your catalogues of men’s silk shirts. We are sure there will be a great demand for them in Ukraine.

We are enclosing our Order No. 142, and would ask you to return its duplicate to us, duly signed, as an acknowledgement.

Yours faithfully,

V. Smurov

Vladimir Smurov

Export-Import Manager

Sample Letter of Acknowledgement

Visteria Ltd.

P.O. Box 82

Kiev 253206

Ukraine

March 28, 1999

Ref: Order No. 142 of March 21, 1999

Dear Mr Smurov,

Thank you for your letter of March 21, 1999. We are pleased to acknowledge your order for 400 men’s silk shirts and enclose the copy of it, duly signed, as requested.

Delivery will be made immediately on opening a letter of credit with our bank for the amount of $4212.

We hope our shirts will be in great demand in Ukraine and you will be able to place large orders with us in the future.

Yours sincerely,

Alfred Smithers

Alfred Smithers

Sales Manager

Lesson 11

The wholesaler

Part I

The wholesaler is the link between the producer and the retailer. As one of his important functions, he buys goods in large quantities and sells them in small quantities. He obtains goods cheaply because of his bulk purchases.

The wholesaler stocks goods to meet changes in demand. He helps retailers by offering them credit while he himself pays his suppliers promptly. The wholesaler often grades, packs and labels the goods.

There are four types of wholesalers. One type buys the goods and stores them. He does not process them. The second type owns the goods, stores them and prepares them for sale. Then there is the wholesaler who organizes the distribution of the goods but does not handle them himself. Some motor car distributors function in this manner. Lastly there are the middlemen like brokers and agents who work for a commission. They buy or sell for other wholesalers.

Wholesalers and retailers perform a useful public service. They help manufacturers to sell their goods. This enables them to concentrate on the work of producing quality goods.

Wholesalers are a help to retailers as the letter do not often have much money to hold large stocks. Retailers are also spared the cost of maintaining warehouses.

A wholesaler usually has a number of retailers. In this way he ensures that his stocks are sold quickly. To encourage sales he may advertise his goods and offer quantity discounts to his retailers. Because of his experience, know-how and means, a wholesaler is often assisted by a bank. He may be given overdraft facilities and loans to build his business.